1. TOXICOLOGY UNIT Paul Wallace, Criminalistic Supervisor Toxicology Unit
Criminalistic Division
Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation

2. Overview of Laboratory Operations
Samples collected in cases of DUI/DUID, other felonies or suspicious circumstances.
All samples are analyzed for alcohol content and preliminarily screened for drugs.
If burden of proof for DUI is not met with alcohol content and the preliminary drug screen is positive then a drug confirmation is performed (with the exception of cannabinoids).
A single report will be issued reflecting alcohol, preliminary drug screen and, if necessary, drug conformation. confirmation results.

3. Types of Analysis Headspace analysis Ethanol and volatiles
Immunoassays
Classes of drugs
Solvent extractions
Alkaline drugs
Solid phase extractions
Acid/Neutral drugs

4. Types of Analysis cont. THC Conformation /Quant THC and Metabolites
Drug Quants
Alkaline or Acidic Drugs
Alcohol Content
Mixed drinks/ Beer/Alcohol Production
Other Volatile Compounds
Paint /Glue/Air Duster

5. Alcohol Analysis Equipment: Headspace gas chromatograph Procedure:
Each sample is analyzed in duplicate.
The results must agree within g/100mL.
The lower result is reported.

6. HEADSPACE ANALYSIS BLOOD ALCOHOL URINE ALCOHOL
ALCOHOLIC CONTENT (BEER, WINE, MIXED DRINKS)
ALCOHOL PRODUCTION (STILLS FOR BEER AND WHISKEY)

7. Common Alcohols Methanol Ethanol Isopropanol
Carbon-containing compounds with an oxygen-hydrogen (-OH) bond, including:
Methanol Ethanol Isopropanol
(wood alcohol) (alcoholic beverages) (rubbing alcohol)
CH3-CH2OH structure of ethanol

8. Alcohols Onset of Effects: Depends on absorption status
(15 to 90 minutes)
Duration of Effects: gm/100mL on average cleared per hour
Detectable in Blood: hours
Detectable in Urine: variable (may be >24 hours)
Urine NOT indicative of impairment unless timed.

9. Alcohol Content Mixed Drinks Alcohol Production Under age drinking
Tax evasion
ABLE Commission Samples

10. Widmark formula
Fluid oz. of alcohol bev. x % of alcohol BAC = _________________________
Weight x 19.3 x (r)
r = distribution ratio of alcohol in body vs blood
r = 0.68 for males
r = 0.55 for females

11. 120 lbs male drinks 6 12 oz. beers
6 x 12 oz. x 4%
BAC = ________________
120 x 19.3 x 0.68 =

12. 120 lbs female drinks 6 12 oz. beers
6 x 12 oz. x 4%
BAC = ________________
120 x 19.3 x 0.55 =

13. How many (#) drinks (male)
BAC x weight x19.3 x 0.68
# drinks = _____________________
4 % alcohol of drink

14. How many (#) drinks (male)
BAC x weight x19.3 x 0.68
# = _____________________
4 % alcohol of drink
B x 120 x 19.3 x 0.68
B # = _____________________
4 %
= oz/12 = drinks

15. Retrorgrade Extrapolation
Clearance rate g/100ml / hr
BAC at time of collection g/100ml
Accident occurred 5 hours before collection.
5hr x = 0.075
= g/100ml

16. Drug Analysis Samples are analyzed by two different techniques:
Screening Test (ELISA)
Detects classes of drugs
Distinguishes negative from presumptive positive samples
Confirmatory Tests (GC/FID and GC/MS)
Sensitive: detects very small amounts of drug in a sample
Specific: distinguishes individual drugs
State of the art, standard for forensic laboratories

17. Eight ELISA Drug Screen Panels
PCP
Phencyclidine
Opiates
Hydrocodone Codeine Oxycodone
Benzoylecgonine
Cocaine/Benzoylecgonine
Phenethylamines
Methamphetamine/MDMA
Cannabinoids
THC
THCA
Benzodiazepines
Alprazolam Diazepam
Temazepine
Barbituates
Phenobarbital, Secobarbital
Butalbatal
Carisoprodol

18. A Few of the Drugs Detected in an Alkaline Screen
Methamphetamine
Cocaine
Carisoprodol
Diazepam
Alprazolam
PCP
Codeine
Hydrocodone
Fluoxetine
Zolpidem
Trazodone
Methadone
Oxycodone
Citalopram
MDMA
Tramadol
Diphehydramine
Caffiene

19. Types of Drugs Detected in an Acid/Neutral Screen
Butalbital
Secobarbital
Pentobarbital
Carisoprodol
Meprobamate

20. Inhalants Paint and Industrial Solvents Toluene Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Aerosol Propellants: Keyboard cleaner / Air duster
Trichloroethane, Difluoroethane
Fuels Anesthetic Agents
Gasoline Nitrous Oxide
Propane Ether
Many Others!

21. Inhalants
Actions: Thought to produce psychoactive effects by blocking oxygen to the brain (hypoxia) or interfering with neuronal transmission
Symptoms:
Confusion, slurred speech, dizziness, drowsiness, disorientation, ataxia, slowed pupil response to light, possibly HGN
Overdose: coma, death from respiratory depression
Other Signs: odor of solvents, paint or aerosol cans, paint around mouth and nasal areas.

22. Reports and Results
Preliminary Presumptive Drug Screen (NOT CONFIRMED) ELISA Screen Groups, Classes, Families of Drugs.
Specific Drug Confirmation Analysis (CONFIRMED) Ethyl Alcohol, Alkaline Drug Screen, Acid/Neutral Drug Screen.
Quantitations Concentrations of compounds

23. Defending attacks on Blood Results
Title 47 S. 759 paragraph (B.) Analysis of blood (C.) Approved Labs
Title 47 S. 752 paragraph (D.) Administration of tests Presence or concentration
Title 47 S. 756 paragraph (A.) Admission of evidence shown by tests.
Title 47 S. 757 Other competent evidence

24. Defending attacks on Blood Results
Lab Accreditation
Kit expiration date
Collection site cleaning/preparation (alcohol)
Contamination (bacteria)
Proper Mixing of blood/tube components
Infection generating EtoH

25. Defending attacks on Blood Results
Chain of custody
Lab methods
Quant results
SFST
Independent analysis

26. Quantitations and THC Conformation
Performed on major accidents only.
Requested by DA on cases going to trial.
SFST / observations are very useful to case.

27. Quantification and Issues
Alcohol is quantified: legal limit defined (0.08 g/100mL)
Other drugs are not quantified unless at the request of a District Attorney. However, quantification alone may be of limited value due to a possible large therapeutic range and the lack of a legal defined limit.
Remember: Quantifications are very time consuming, so be certain that a case cannot proceed before requesting a quantification.
Remember: Quantification is a two-edged sword. Results are open to interpretation by defense experts.

28. Examples of Drug Quantitations and Interpretations of Drug Effects and Drug Concentrations

29. DIAZEPAM Sedative /Anti-anxiety (CNS Depressant).
Treatment for Anxiety, Muscle Spasm.
Possible Effects: Drowsiness, Dizziness, Confusion, Slowed Reaction Time.
Half-life 29 hours
Adult Therapeutic Dose ng/ml.
10 mg to 150ng/ml at 1 hr to 40ng/ml at 24 hrs

30. ZOLPIDEM Sedative-Hypnotic (CNS Depressant).
Short Term Treatment of Insomnia.
Possible Effects Drowsiness, Dizziness, Fatigue, Confusion.
Half-life 3 hours
Adult Therapeutic Dose mcg/ml.
10 mg to 120 mcg/ml at 1.6 hrs
15 mcg/ml at 9 hrs.

31. METHAMPHETAMINE Sympathomimetic Amine (CNS Stimulant)
Treatment: Narcolepsy, ADD, Appetite Suppressant.
Possible Effects: Restlessness, Insomnia, Hyperactivity, Dizziness, Euphoria.
Half-life hours
Adult Therapeutic Dose ng/ml.
12mg to 20ng/ml at 2 hrs to 10ng/ml at 24hrs.

32. DELTA-9-THC Antiemetic/Appetite Stim. (CNS Depressant)
Treatment: Nausea, Glaucoma
Possible Effects: Confusion, Somnolence, Relaxation, Psychomotor/Cognitive Effects.
Half-life hrs
Adult Dose ng/ml
ng/ml during smoking to below LOD within 4-6 hrs ng/ml has been linked to potential psychomotor impairment.

33. Cannabinoids
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) Parent compound, main psychoactive component. Detectable in blood from 2 to 4 hours.
11-nor Delta-9-THC Metabolite of Delta-9-THC Non psychoactive compound, detectable in blood for several days.
Medical Uses:
Control of nausea for chemotherapy patients (Marinol®)

34. Cannabinoids cont. Actions:
Impairs sustained attention, learning and memory, alters space and time perception, sedation, euphoria
Symptoms:
Bloodshot eyes, memory loss, relaxed inhibitions, limited ability to perform divided attention tasks
Other Signs: characteristic odor, no PBT reading

35. Mean THC, 11-OH-THC & THCCOOH During Marijuana Smoking (3.55% THC)

37. Toxicology Information
Did suspect have current prescription?
Date filled / daily dose / tablets remaining?
How long has suspect been on meds/dose?
Drug interaction and manufactures warning.
Were any drugs administered by Medical Staff
Drug information/combinations and effects
Driving studies

38. Pre-trial Conference 1. Review of witness qualifications.
2. Review of report.
3. Toxicology results / what do they mean.
4. Questions that defense may raise.
5. Chain of custody issues.
6. Independent analysis if any (60 days).
7. Field sobriety observations vs Tox results.
8. Anything unusual about the case?
Drugs administered by medical personnel?
Don’t be surprised by your own witness .

39. Courtroom Questions and Testimony
OSBI Results / Drug effects on individual?
Consistent with SFST / Witness Statements
Studies and Literature / Driving Studies
Field Sobriety Testing and Observations

40. Storage of Evidence
Non-Fatality DUI Evidence is destroyed 4 months from date received.
Fatality DUI evidence is destroyed 6 months from date received.
All other evidence is returned to the submitting agency.

41. Most common reported drugs
Ethyl Alcohol
THC/THCA
Methamphetamine
Diazepam
Carisoprodol
Alprazolam
Hydrocodone
MDMA
Cocaine
Oxycodone

42. QUESTIONS ??? Paul Wallace 405-715-9526