1. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Section 13.66

2. Was Germany really united after 1871?

3. The Habsburg Empire after 1848
Bismarck left 1/6th of Germans left outside the empire
Had to work out their future with a dozen other nationalities around the Danube
Amazing resilience is shown by the Habsburg presence
Attacked by Revolutionary France ( )
Attacked by Napoleon ( )
Broken up in 1848 and restored by Russian intervention
Attacked by Napoleon III in 1859
Attacked by Bismarck in 1866
Yet it held together until 1918
Its character greatly changed during the 1850s-60s

4. The Habsburgs v Nationalism
How would the Habs react to problems of nationalism?
Francis Joseph 1848 to 1916
Deeply seated in his own anachronism
Lived in a pompous dream world
Disliked everything liberal, progressive, modern
Incapable of ambitious projects, bold decisions, persevering actions
Yet post 1848 government was not idle
Tried Germanic centralization (language)
Bureaucratic efficiency and modernization
Maintained the abolition of serfdom (from 1848)
Built RR
Germanic centralization was distasteful to the non-German nationalities
Especially to the Magyars
Magyars made up less than half the mixed Hungarian population

5. The Compromise of 1867 Ausgleich (a tie)
A compromise between the Germans and the Magyars
Was to the disadvantage of the slavs (considered backwards)
Dual Monarchy was created
West of the Leith was Austria: German Language
East of the Leith was Hungary: Magyar
Equal to each other
Each had own constitution, parliament
Austrian administrative language = German
Hungarian = Magyar
Neither state could interfere in the others internal affairs
State joined by Habsburgs who would be Emperor over Austria and King of Hungary
Delegates from each parliament would meet regularly alternately in each others capitals
Was also a common ministry of war, finance, foreign affairs

6. National and Social Questions
A semblance of two nation states was created
Germans were less than half the people in Austria
Included Slovenes, Czechs, Poles, Ruthenians
Magyars were less than half the people in Hungary
Included Slovaks, Croats, Serbs, Transylvanians (Romanians)
Neither nation-state was democratic
Austria did not adopt universal male suffrage until 1907
Hungary enfranchised only 25% of adult males in 1914
Owners of the great landed estates remained the dominant class
Landless peasants had no educated or wealthy class to advocated for their nationalities (Slovak, Serbs)
Landlordism became major social issue
Aristocracy (educated, civilized) v. depressed peasant masses who had been left out of modernity
German
24%
Hungarian
20%
Czech
13%
Polish
10%
Ruthenian 8%
Romanian 6%
Croat 5%
Slovak 4%
Serb
Slovene 3%
Italian