1. Group 5

2.  America had disagreements with the implementation of rules of Spain in Cuba  Yellow journalism accused Spain of numerous misdeeds  USS Maine ship exploded and killed 266 U.S. Soldiers in February 1898 ◦ The Spanish forces were held responsible for this  War spread out to the different Spanish colonies ◦ One of them is the Philippines

3.  Happened on May 1, 1891  A battle between Spanish and American fleets ◦ American forces were led by Commodore George Dewey ◦ Spanish fleets were headed by Admiral Patricio Montojo  Americans won

4.  Took place on August 13, 1898  Was considered “mock” because it was agreed on and pre-planned - Spain had plans to surrender to the Americans to avoid disgrace  Paved way for the Treaty of Paris

5.  A peace agreement between Spain and America ◦ The former would give the latter control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines for $20M.  Signed on December 10, 1898 in Paris, France  Followed by the Philippine-American War

6.  Started when a Filipino was shot at the Pinaglabanan Bridge by an American.  The Philippine side of the war was led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo  Battle of Tirad Pass ◦ Led by Gen. Gregorio del Pilar ◦ 60 Filipinos battled to defend Tirad Pass in order to stop Americans from pursuing Aguinaldo ◦ Filipinos were outnumbered but Aguinaldo had time to escape ◦ Emilio Aguinaldo was finally captured in 1901and American soldiers took over

7. Antonio Luna Miguel Malvar Manuel Tinio Macario Sakay Licerio Geronimo Vicente Lukban

8.  Lasted from 1898 to 1901  Military Governors were: ◦ Gen. Wesley Merritt ◦ Gen. Elwell Otis ◦ Gen. Arthur McArthur  American military had executive power and was in charge of the PhilippinesACCOMPLISHMENTS - a school system where the teachers were American soldiers - Peace in some areas of the country - Civil courts such as the Supreme Court

9.  Established on July 4, 1901  Gave Filipinos the opportunity to participate in government affairs  First civil Governor was William Taft, last was Frank Murphy  Executive power of the military was transfered to the Governor in charge

11.  Also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902  States the creation of the Philippine assembly whose members are elected by the people. ◦ Would be granted once the Philippines becomes peaceful  Philippine Assembly was finally created on October 16, 1907 ◦ Manuel Quezon was the leader while Sergio Osmeña as the Speaker of the Assembly

12.  Granted the Filipinos rights except when on court trial  Allowed Filipinos to represent their country in Washington as resident commissioners

13.  Approved on August 19, 1916  Promises independence to Filipinos when government is stable ◦ Legislative power goes to the upper and lower houses of Philippine Legislature ◦ Executive power goes to the American governor general ◦ Judicial power goes to the Supreme and lower courts  Bill of Rights was included ◦ Freedom of speech and press, religion, to form assembly and to seek happiness

14.  Declaration of Purposes ◦ Declared the longing of the Filipinos to be free  Independence Commission ◦ Was made to discuss procedures to gain independence ◦ 12 missions were sent to the U.S.  OSROX ◦ An independence mission made by Osmeña and Roxas ◦ Led to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

15. HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT  States that Philippines will be given Independence after a 10-year period under Commonwealth  Some Filipinos were for it while some weren’t ◦ Among those who disagreed is Manuel Quezon  Rejected by the legislature TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT  Since the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was not approved, Tydings-McDuffie Act was made ◦ Quezon met with President Roosevelt of the U.S. to discuss a better law similar to the H-H-C Act  Created the Commonwealth Government

16.  Inaugurated on November 15, 1935  Under the 1935 Constitution  A ten-year preparatory period for independence ◦ Philippines was still under America, but being assisted in organizing the country  Foci of government programs ◦ National Defense, Social justice, national language and morality ◦ Offices such as Departments of Justice, Labor, etc. were created  Leaders were elected by Filipinos  Leaders were: ◦ Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) ◦ Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946) ◦ Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946-July 4, 1946)

18.  Schools were co-educational and public  First teachers were American soldiers ◦ Topics included the English language, civics, history, health and arts. ◦ Education was based on the American point of view to control Filipinos and gain their support  600 teachers arrived on August 23,1901and were called Thomasites  Public schools include the elementary, secondary, college, etc.  Filipinos also had the opportunity to teach ◦ The Philippine Normal University was created in 1902 in Manila to teach Filipinos teaching methods

19.  Relationship between the Church and state was destroyed  Americans brought in Protestantism ◦ However, Catholicism was still the primary religion  Protestant missionaries were sent to the different places in the Philippines ◦ They helped in charity works and teaching, and built schools, churches, hospitals and more infrastructure