1. Nouns and Pronouns Identify the correct use of nouns (i.e., common and proper, singular, plurals, possessives) and pronouns (i.e., subject, object, possessive, and agreement) within context.

2. What is a noun? A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.

3. Intro to Nouns Definition A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. Every noun is either common or proper, concrete or abstract, and singular or plural. Every noun is either common or proper, concrete or abstract, and singular or plural.

4. Tell if the underlined word in each sentence is a noun. If so, tell if it names a person, place, thing, or idea. The sky was a canvas of blues and whites. The sky was a canvas of blues and whites. My teacher was glad to see me this morning. My teacher was glad to see me this morning. The team practices every night at 5:00 p.m. The team practices every night at 5:00 p.m. How did the glass get broken? How did the glass get broken? The United States was founded in 1776. The United States was founded in 1776. My friend Janice lives next door to me. My friend Janice lives next door to me. The happiness of the group is very important. The happiness of the group is very important.

5. What kinds nouns are there Common noun Common noun Proper nouns Proper nouns Plural nouns Plural nouns Singular noun Singular noun Countable nouns Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns Concrete nouns Concrete nouns Abstract nouns Abstract nouns

6. Common and Proper Nouns A COMMON NOUN names a general person, place, thing, or idea. A COMMON NOUN names a general person, place, thing, or idea. Common nouns begin with a lowercase letter, unless found at the beginning of a sentence or part of a title. Common nouns begin with a lowercase letter, unless found at the beginning of a sentence or part of a title. A PROPER NOUN names a specific person, place, thing, or idea. A PROPER NOUN names a specific person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns begin with a capital letter. Proper nouns begin with a capital letter.

7. Common and Proper Noun Examples These common nouns are words for animals. e.g. kitten, lpuppy,tiger,foal,goat,whale,frog,tadpole, kangaroo. These common nouns are words for people. e.g. artist, director, writer,magician,lawyer,farmer,clerk. These common nouns are words for things. Chair,bicycle,television,hammer,ladder,computer,axe,cal culator,cooker

8. people’s names are proper nouns. Harry Potter, George,Mom, Santa Claus. people’s names are proper nouns. Harry Potter, George,Mom, Santa Claus. days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.( Sunday,January,August, Monday, February ) days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.( Sunday,January,August, Monday, February ) The names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns. Valentine’s Day, Independence Day, Christmas, Labor Day,Memorial Day, Flag Day, Thanksgiving. The names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns. Valentine’s Day, Independence Day, Christmas, Labor Day,Memorial Day, Flag Day, Thanksgiving.

9. Common and Proper Nouns Tell if each of the following nouns is a common noun or a proper noun. Tell if each of the following nouns is a common noun or a proper noun. shirt paper Fairmont China baseball Atlanta carFord college shoe Adidascandy McDonald’s movie Deltafriend

10. For each common noun, give an example of a proper noun. CommonProper drinkGatorade stateteacherteamschoolsong

11. For each proper noun, give an example of a common noun. CommonProper Food City SpidermanRachelDollywood Science Hill High O’Hare International

12. Singular and Plural Nouns A singular noun names ONE person, place, thing, or idea. A singular noun names ONE person, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

13. Ways to Make a Noun Plural EndingRule Add –s Most words will only require adding an s to the end (add –s to words that end in a vowel-y, such as monkeys) Add -es Add –es to words than end in –s, -x, -ch, -z (double z), and – sh. Some words that end in –o, will also add –es Change –y to –i and add -es For words that end in a consonant-y, drop the –y and add -ies, such as cities, berries, duties, etc. Change –f or –fe to -ves For some words that end in –f or –fe…examples include calves, knives, halves, etc. Irregular (word can stay same or change) Stay the same= deer, sheep, moose, etc. Change= children, men, mice, geese

14. Determine the plural form of each noun dayfairy glass knife mouse box beachbrush toy womanperson patch trayschool child fantasyauthor teacher rubygummy shelf

15. Pronunciation of final s – es [s] [s] Voiceless sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced as [s] include: [p], [t], [k], [f] Voiceless sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced as [s] include: [p], [t], [k], [f] Example Example weeks weeks bits bits backs backs briefs briefs

16. Voiced sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced as [z] include: Voiced sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced as [z] include: [b], [d], [g], [l], [r], [w], [m], [n], [v], [y] [b], [d], [g], [l], [r], [w], [m], [n], [v], [y]Example webs - beds - bags - bells - jars - doves webs - beds - bags - bells - jars - doves canoes (note the [uw] vowel sound ends in a [w]) canoes (note the [uw] vowel sound ends in a [w]) straws - limbs - fans - delays straws - limbs - fans - delays [z] [z]

17. [ ɪ z] The sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced with an additional syllable [ ɪ z] include: The sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced with an additional syllable [ ɪ z] include: [ch] [sh] [dge] [s] [z] [ch] [sh] [dge] [s] [z] Example Example watches - bridges watches - bridges judges - slices judges - slices blazes blazes classes classes

18. Possessive Nouns Possessive nouns are nouns that show ownership. Possessive nouns are nouns that show ownership. John owns a car. ('John' is the possessor or owner) John owns a car. ('John' is the possessor or owner) Ex: It is John's car. America has some gold reserves. ('America' is the owner) America has some gold reserves. ('America' is the owner) Ex : They are America's gold reserves. It can also express other relationships. It can also express other relationships. Ex: John's mother. Ex: John's mother. - Possessive nouns can be singular or plural.

19. Singular Possessive Nouns For a singular noun that does not end in –s, you will add an ’s For a singular noun that does not end in –s, you will add an ’s -Example: The teacher’s desk was in the front. For a singular noun that ends in –s, you can add ’s, but most sources recommend only adding an apostrophe. For a singular noun that ends in –s, you can add ’s, but most sources recommend only adding an apostrophe. -Example: The bus’s tire was flat. The bus’ tire was flat. The bus’ tire was flat.

20. Plural Possessive Nouns For plural nouns that do not end in –s, you add ‘s to make the plural possessive. For plural nouns that do not end in –s, you add ‘s to make the plural possessive. -Example: The children’s coats were placed in the coat room. -Example: The men’s restroom was located in the back of the restaurant. -Example: The people’s opinions were made known at the protest.

21. adjectiveadjective -An adjective is a word which describes something. -It can tell you what it Looks like - Feels like - Smells like Looks like - Feels like - Smells like Tastes like - Sounds like Tastes like - Sounds like They usually answer 2 questions. They usually answer 2 questions. HOW MANY? WHAT KIND? HOW MANY? WHAT KIND?

22. Using adjectives to describe a noun The boy ran down the street.+( adjective ) The boy ran down the street.+( adjective ) The naughty boy ran down the street. The naughty boy ran down the street. I put on my jumper.+( adjective ) I put on my jumper.+( adjective ) I put on my soft colourful jumper. I put on my soft colourful jumper. They went in to the pool. +( adjective ) They went in to the pool. +( adjective ) They went in to the deep pool. They went in to the deep pool.

23. Using nouns as adjectives The "noun as adjective" always comes first The "noun as adjective" always comes first a horse race is a race for horses a horse race is a race for horses a boat race is a race for boats a boat race is a race for boats a love story is a story about love a love story is a story about love a war story is a story about war a war story is a story about war a tennis ball is a ball for playing tennis a tennis ball is a ball for playing tennis tennis shoes are shoes for playing tennis tennis shoes are shoes for playing tennis a computer exhibition is an exhibition of computers a computer exhibition is an exhibition of computers

24. PronounsPronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns. Pronouns take the place of nouns. There are different types of pronoun. There are different types of pronoun. 1-A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence : he, she, they, we, I, it, you. Ex: You and I will meet later 2-An object pronoun is used as the direct/indirect object or the object of a preposition : him, her, them, us, me, it, you. Ex: Give the book to me.

25. Possessive pronouns are pronouns that demonstrate ownerships. Possessive pronouns are pronouns that demonstrate ownerships. Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns include my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your, yours, whose, and one's - all words that demonstrate ownership. Possessive pronouns include my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your, yours, whose, and one's - all words that demonstrate ownership. 1-The smallest cup is yours. 1-The smallest cup is yours. 2- His hair is longer than hers. 2- His hair is longer than hers. 3- My house is small. 3- My house is small. 4-Our house is big. 4-Our house is big.

26. Possessive pronouns have two forms. One form is used before a noun. The other form is used alone. ours yours theirs mine yours his, hers, its Used alone our your their my your his, her, its Used before nouns PluralSingular

27. 3-Reflexive Pronoun A reflexive pronoun refers back to another noun or pronoun in the sentence. A reflexive pronoun refers back to another noun or pronoun in the sentence.pronoun nounsentencepronoun nounsentence The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves. The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves. 1 - I often ask myself why I left London. 1 - I often ask myself why I left London. 2 - They themselves knew that the prank was in bad taste. 2 - They themselves knew that the prank was in bad taste. 3- The dog bit itself. 3- The dog bit itself.

28. Possessive adjectives and Possessive pronouns Possessive adjectives: Possessive adjectives are determiners or pronouns that modify a noun by attributing possession. Possessive adjectives: Possessive adjectives are determiners or pronouns that modify a noun by attributing possession. That is my car. That is my car. This is your car. This is your car. This is her notebook. This is her notebook. Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns replaces a noun or another pronoun. They are used to make a sentences less repetitive. Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns replaces a noun or another pronoun. They are used to make a sentences less repetitive. That car is mine. That car is mine. The book is his. The book is his.

30. Subject – Verb – Object

31. sentence is commonly defined as "a complete unit of thought." Normally, a sentence expresses a relationship, conveys a command, voices a question, or describes someone or something. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation mark. sentence is commonly defined as "a complete unit of thought." Normally, a sentence expresses a relationship, conveys a command, voices a question, or describes someone or something. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation mark. sentence The basic parts of a sentence are the subject and the verb. The subject is usually a noun--a word (or phrase) that names a person, place, or thing. The predicate (or verb) usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being. The basic parts of a sentence are the subject and the verb. The subject is usually a noun--a word (or phrase) that names a person, place, or thing. The predicate (or verb) usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being.nounpredicatenounpredicate

32. nouns may also function as objects in sentences. Instead of performing the action, as subjects usually do, objects receive the action and usually follow the verb. nouns may also function as objects in sentences. Instead of performing the action, as subjects usually do, objects receive the action and usually follow the verb.objects word or phrase in a sentence referring to the person or thing receiving the action of a transitive verb. For example, in English, I word or phrase in a sentence referring to the person or thing receiving the action of a transitive verb. For example, in English, I - Mail the letter and call him, letter and him are direct objects. - Mail the letter and call him, letter and him are direct objects.

33. Tick the right choice

34. On – In – At InOnAt Months: in January / in April,Seasons: in spring / in winter, Years: in 1984 / in 2015Centuries: in the 20th century, Times of day: in the morning / in the evening Longer periods of time: in the past / in the 1990s / in the holidays Days of the week: on Monday -Days + parts of days: on Tuesday afternoon / on Saturday mornings Dates: on November 22ndSpecial days: on my birthday / on New Year’s Eve Clock times: at 7.30 a.m. / at 5 o'clock Festivals: at Christmas / at Easter Exceptions: at night / at the weekend

35. Prepositions of Time: at, in, on We use: atinon PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES at 3 o'clockin Mayon Sunday at 10.30amin summeron Tuesdays at noonin the summeron 6 March at dinnertimein 1990on 25 Dec. 2010 at bedtimein the 1990son Christmas Day at sunrisein the next centuryon Independence Day at sunsetin the Ice Ageon my birthday at the momentin the past/futureon New Year's Eve

36. Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions ExpressionExample at nightThe stars shine at night. at the weekend*I don't usually work at the weekend. at Christmas*/EasterI stay with my family at Christmas. at the same timeWe finished the test at the same time. At present He's not home at present. Try later In On in the morningson Saturday mornings in the afternoon(s)on Sunday afternoons in the evening(s)on Monday evening

37. Word order place and time TimeSubjectVerbObjectPlaceTime Ihavebreakfast in the kitchen. Theyplayhandballin the gym every Monday. My friendis swimmingin the pool. Every Saturday* PeterwatchesTVat home.