2. COMPUTER SYSTEM

3. Computer is an electronic device or machine, which takes data as input and processes it and after processing it gives its output. A computer system consists of two components 1. Hardware 2. Software

4. HARDWARE

5. Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. SPECIFICATION OF COMPUTER HARDWARE: 1. Physical 2. Component 3. Implementation

6. STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER HARDWARE : 1. Peripherals Devices 2. CPU 3. Mother Board 4. RAM 5. Storage Device 6. System Bus

7. PERIPHERALS DEVICES

8. The external hardware devices of a computer that provides input and output for the computer. INPUT DEVICES: The devices, which are used to enter data into computer system, are known as input devices. For example: Keyboard, Mouse,Touch pad, Joystick & light pen. OUTPUT DEVICES: The Devices, which are used to receive data from computer system, are known as output devices. For example: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Plotter & Projector

9. INPUT DEVICES & OUTPUT DEVICES:

10. CPU

11. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CPU is the most important internal device attached to Motherhood. It controls and calculate all functions performed by computer system. It tests and manipulates data, and transfers information to other components, such as the working memory, disk drive, monitor, and keyboard. The CPU of PCs are generally implemented on a single chip, called a microprocessor.

12. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Microprocessor has two main parts: CU CU stands for Control Unit. It is the part in microprocessor, which is used to control all the functions of computer system. It generates all the orders and Instructions. ALU ALU stands for Arithmetic Logical Unit.All the processing takes place here.It is the part, which does all arithmetic calculations and logical functions in the Computer System.

13. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT The performance of any CPU is based on these basic features. Internal Data Bus External Data Bus Clock Speed

14. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Internal Data Bus It carries data and operations as a standard bus, it is only used for connecting and interacting with internal computer components. External Data Bus The total amount of data (in Bits) that can flow between CPU and motherboard Clock Speed The average time required by microprocessor to process bit amount of data. It is measured in MHz or GHz.

15. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Intel 16 bit 80286 8 bit 8086 4 bit 4004

16. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Intel 32 bit Processor i486 i386 i960

17. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Intel Pentium Intel Pentium MMX Intel Pentium PRO

18. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Intel Pentium-II P-II SocketP-II Slot

19. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Intel Pentium-III P-III SocketP-III Slot

20. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Intel Pentium-IV, Intel Celeron & Intel Pentium D P-IVCeleronPentium D

21. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Intel Core 2 Due, Intel Core i7 & Intel Xeon Core 2 DuoCore i7Xoen E7

22. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT AMD DuranOpteronAthlon

23. MOTHERBOARD

24. All the other internal and external devices are connected directly or indirectly to motherboard. It is known as Motherboard because it adopts and supports all the attached components. The motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices. Some writers call motherboard as System board, Main board, Logic board and also Planner board.

25. MOTHERBOARD 4004 Supported Motherboard

26. MOTHERBOARD 8086 Supported Motherboard

27. MOTHERBOARD 80386 Supported Motherboard

28. MOTHERBOARD Pentium 1 Supported Mother Board MOTHERBOARD Pentium-I Supported Motherboard

29. MOTHERBOARD Pentium-II Supported Motherboard

30. MOTHERBOARD Pentium-III Supported Motherboard

31. MOTHERBOARD Pentium-IV Supported Motherboard

32. MOTHERBOARD Core 2 Due Supported Motherboard

33. MOTHERBOARD Core i7 Supported Motherboard

34. MOTHERBOARD Xeon Supported Motherboard

35. RAM

36. Random Access Memory It is temporary data storage and is a volatile type of memory. A volatile memory is dependent of electric power. All the data, which is to be processed, is to be stored in RAM and then CPU will process it, after processing, CPU stores processed data in RAM and then it is transferred to outputting devices. There are two types of RAM: SRAM & DRAM

37. RAM SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) Data storage unit in it is flip-flop. Flip-flops are electronic switches made by transistors. So if a switch is ON, it is storing a logical “1” in it and if a switch is OFF, it is storing logical”0” in it. There are two basic types of Static RAM. Internal Cache External Cache

38. RAM SRAM Internal Cache Internal cache, which is also known as Level-1 Cache or L1 Cache is present inside CPU chip. All the data that is very next to be processed or which is just processed stays in it.

39. RAM SRAM External Cache External Cache, which is also known as Level-2 Cache, or L2 Cache, is the type of cache memory, which is present outside of CPU chip. it was to be provided on motherboard in additional cache cards.

40. RAM DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory In this type of memory, data is stored in very small capacitor in form of charges. If a capacitor is charged then it is storing logical “1” in it, and if a capacitor is not containing any charges than it is storing logical “0” in it. Simply one capacitor is used to store one bit of data in DRAM.

41. RAM DRAM Types of Dynamic RAM With Respect To the Physical Structure. 30 - pin SIMM 72 - pin SIMM 168-pin DIMM (SD) 184-pin RIMM (DDR)

42. RAM DRAM 30-pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) 30 pins SIMM is present in farm of a RAM card having 30- pins and no cut on its edge connector. It is 8-Bit technology it means that computer can read or write only eight bits of data in it at a time.

43. RAM DRAM 72-pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) 72-pin SIMM is present in form of a RAM card having 72 -pins and a single cut on its edge connector. It is 32- bit technology it means that computer read or writes 32-bits of data in it at a time.

44. RAM DRAM 168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) SD (Synchronize Dynamic) 168-pin DIMM is present in form of RAM card having 168 -pins and 2 cuts on its edge connector. It is 64-bit technology it means that, computer read or writes 64-bits of data in it at a time

45. RAM DRAM 184-pin RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module) DDR (Double Data Rate) 184-pin DIMM is present in form of RAM card having 184 pins and Single cut on its edge connector.

46. HARD DRIVE

47. Non-removable, magnetic data storage device with one or more flat, circular plates (platters) of a hard material. The data is written, erased, and overwritten the same way as voice is recorded, wiped off, and re-recorded on the tape in a cassette recorder. The platters are coated with a magnetically sensitive material, enclosed in vacuum sealed case with the recording heads, and connected to a computer's bus through a interface card.

48. HARD DRIVE

49. IDE Hard Disk DriveSATA Hard Disk Drive

50. OTHER STORAGE DEVICES

51. SYSTEM BUS

52. The term Bus is used for the physical connections or lines between different devices so we can define the term “System Bus” as “The buses present on System board”. We can divide System Bus into two main categories. Internal Bus External Bus

53. SYSTEM BUS Internal Bus These are the buses, which connect all devices present on motherboard with each other. Following are the types of internal busses. Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus Power Bus

54. SYSTEM BUS Data Bus The Bus, which is used to flow the data between all the components present on motherboard, is called “Data Bus”

55. SYSTEM BUS Address Bus The Bus, which is used to communicate with the memory addresses (RAM), is called Address Bus. Address Bus identifies the total address of system RAM.

56. SYSTEM BUS Power Bus Power Bus is used to provide power to all the components of Motherboard carrying it from Power connectors.

57. SYSTEM BUS Control Bus The Bus, which carries out the control signals from Microprocessor to all the components of motherboard, is called Control Bus. Microprocessor controls all the functions of system and sends the control signals or orders over Control Bus.

58. SYSTEM BUS External Bus These busses are used for the "Expansion" of motherboard. These busses are used to connect "External Devices" like Display Card, Sound card, etc to the system. Following are the different expansion bus architectures. ISA PCI AGP

59. SYSTEM BUS PCI: PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus is the supports both 32-bit and 64-bit data paths. ISA: The ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) bus is a 16-bit data path. AGP: Accelerated Graphics Port, is a bus technology developed by Intel to support high speed video cards. The AGP interface uses the RAM to generate 3-D images and video very quickly.

60. EXPANSION CARD

61. Sound Card: Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the board, to record sound input from a microphone connected to the computer, and manipulate sound stored on a disk.

62. EXPANSION CARD LAN Card: A network interface controller (NIC, also known as LAN Card) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.

63. EXPANSION CARD Modem Card: A modem (modulator- demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information and demodulates the signal to decode the transmitted information.

64. EXPANSION CARD VGA Card: The video card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector.

65. EXPANSION CARD AGP Card: Accelerated Graphics Port developed as an alternative to the PCI standard. AGP interface provides a dedicated bus for graphics data, AGP cards are able to render graphics faster than comparable PCI graphics cards.

66. PORTS

67. 1.PS/2 Connectors 2.USB (Universal Serial Bus) Ports 3.Parallel Port 4.Game Port 5.Sound card Connectors 6.Display Connector 7.COM (communications) Port

68. PORTS 1 - PS/2 Connectors ATX boards have 2 PS/2 connectors, one for the mouse and one for the keyboard. They are the same size the same shape but a different colour.

69. PORTS 2 - USB (Universal Serial Bus) Ports USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is a newly designed interface by INTEL. The big hype about USB can change the devices without switching the power off the computer.

70. PORTS 3 - Parallel Port The parallel port is mainly used for scanners and printers, and is associated with LPT1. Parallel ports send data in parallel i.e. more than one bit at a time. If the channel is 8bits wide then a parallel port would send 8 bits at a time.

71. PORTS 4 - Game Port The Game port is really just a serial port normally found on a sound card. The game port is above the sound connectors. Gamepads and joysticks plug into the game port.

72. PORTS 5 - Sound card Connectors The Sound card that is built into the board has three connectors, these are Speaker out.

73. PORTS 6 - Display Connector Motherboard has onboard graphics, The Display connector (VGA Connector) is also female (meaning the pins will be on the end of the monitor cable.)

74. PORTS 7 - COM (communications) Port The COM port is used for peripherals such as mouse and modems.

75. BIOS

76. Basic Input Output System) An essential set of routines in a PC, which is stored on a chip and provides an interface between the operating system and the hardware. The BIOS supports all peripheral technologies and internal services such as the real-time clock (time and date). On startup, the BIOS test the system and prepare the computer for operation by querying its own small CMOS memory bank for drive and other configuration settings.

77. SOFTWARE

78. A program is a sequence of instructions to be executed in the computer for the purpose of carrying out some specific task. Before a program executes, it has to be translated from its original text form (source program) into a machine language program. Then, the program needs to be linked and loaded into memory.

79. Two general types of software components are: System software Application software

80. SYSTEM SOFTWARE The system software is the set of programs that control the activities and functions of the various hardware components, programming tools and abstractions, and other utilities to monitor the state of the computer system. The system software forms an environment for the programmers to develop and execute their programs (collectively known as application software)

81. APPLICATION SOFTWARE Application software is a set of one or more programs designed to carry out operations for a specific application. Application programs are developed by individuals and organizations for solving specific problems. Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent on system software to execute.

82. OPERATING SYSTEM

83. DEFINITION OF OPERATING SYSTEM Interface between users and the machine. Manages hardware and software resources of the system. Simplifies and manages the complexity of running application programs efficiently..

84. OPERATING SYSTEM

85. GOALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM Simplify the execution of user programs and make solving user problems easier. Use computer hardware efficiently. Make application software portable and versatile. Provide isolation, security and protection among user programs. Improve overall system reliability.

86. OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM Processor Management Memory Management File Management Device Management Disk Management

87. OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

88. OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES OF OPERATING SYSTEM Interfaces Program execution I/O operations File-system manipulation Communications Error detecting Resource allocation Accounting Security

89. OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

90. OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM Real-time operating system Single-user, single tasking Single-user, multi-tasking Multi-user, multi-tasking Embedded Operating System

91. OPERATING SYSTEM VIRTUAL MACHINES AND VIRTUALIZATION Enables a single PC or server to simultaneously run multiple operating systems or multiple sessions of a single OS. The heart of virtualization is the “virtual machine” (VM), each virtual machine is completely separate and independent. Host operating system can support a number of virtual machines (VM).

92. OPERATING SYSTEM VIRTUAL MACHINES AND VIRTUALIZATION

93. Syed Najam ul Hassan MCS-58644, PAF(Kiet) IT Professional, SUPARCO 0321-8901510 najamthebest@gmail.com T H A N K S