1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Islamic Empires 1 Chapter 28

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Islamic Empires, 1500-1800 2

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) 3 Osman leads bands of seminomadic Turks to become ghazi: Muslim religious warriors Captures Anatolia with light cavalry and volunteer infantry Later, heavy cavalry In Balkans, forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military service: devshirme Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries The Ottomans were tolerant of other cultures

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tamerlame (Timur the Lame) 4 Shot with bow and arrow as he tries to steal a sheep when he was a kid, left him with a permanent limp... LAME CLAIMED descent from Ghenghis Khan Briefly halted Ottoman expansion and conquered Baghdad in 1402. After crushing Baghdad, turned his attention to China, leaving the Ottomans to expand their empire into Hungary, the Balkans and to take the city of Constantinople.

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mehmed II (“the Conqueror,” r. 1451-1481) 6 Capture of Constantinople, 1453 Renamed Istanbul Transformation from warrior sultan to emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean) Planned to capture Pope, unsuccessful

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Europeans vs. Turks

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Siege of Constantinople, 1453

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11. Selim I, ”the Grim”: 1512-1520

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Blue Mosque

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Blue Mosque - interior

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Prayer Rug, 16c Ottoman Empire

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) 15 Expanded into Asia, Europe Besieged Vienna, 1529 Develops naval power

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Social / Military Divans Heads of Individual Religious Millets Local Administrators & Military Landowners / Tax Collectors MuslimsJews Christians

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Safavid Empire 17 Ismail young military leader, r. 1501-1524 Orphaned, parents killed by enemies Becomes Shah, proclaims official religion of realm Twelver Shiism Twelve infallible imams after Muhammad 12 th imam in hiding, ready to take power Wore distinctive red hat, called quzilbash (“red heads”) Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din (1252-1334), Sufi thinker

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Shiite Pilgrims at Karbala 18

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Battle of Chaldiran (1514) 19 Ottoman Selim the Grim attacks Safavids Heavy use of Ottoman gunpowder technology give them the upper hand Ismail escapes, two centuries of ongoing conflict Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588-1629) revitalizes weakened Safavid empire Reforms administration, military Expands trade Military expansion

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Mughal Empire 20 In the year 1000, well-trained Turkish armies began to invade India, leaving the region in ruins and vulnerable to other invasions. Timur the Lame, destroyed the city in 1398 and it would be years until the region fully recovered. Delhi eventually became the capital for the Turkish invaders and the center of a Turkish empire in India, called the Delhi Sultanate. (Sultan=one w/ power) Chagatai Turk, invades northern India for plunder, 1523 The Mughal Empire first began under Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur the Tiger – 11 years old!), who was driven south to build an army after his kingdom north of India was taken away. Eventually, Babur conquered a large portion of India that served as the foundation for the Mughal Empire (Persian for Mongol), created by his grandson, Akbar. Gunpowder technology gives Babur advantage Expands through most of Indian subcontinent

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Akbar (r. 1556-1605) 21 Grandson of Babur (Takes thrown at age 13) Began to rebuild his grandfather Babur’s empire that was lost by his father, Humayun Wins fear and respect after throwing Adham Khan, leader of the army, out the window twice Second time just to make sure he was dead Created centralized government Akbar utilized heavy artillery, allowing him to break into walled cities that were once unable to be conquered. Soon, his empire extended into most of the Deccan plain in Northern India. Destroyed Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar Utilized heavy artillery, allowing him to break into walled cities that were once unable to be conquered. Empire extended into most of the Deccan plain in Northern India.

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Akbar’s Liberal Rule As a Muslim, Akbar retained the Islamic tradition of religious tolerance promoted “Divine Faith” Syncretic form of Islam and Hinduism Both Hindus and Muslims alike rejected Akbar’s ideas, finding them to be in conflict with their traditional beliefs. Abolished special taxes on non Muslims Allowed anyone of merit to hold high offices in his government.

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Aurangzeb (r. 1659-1707) 23 Expands Mughal empire into southern India Hostile to Hinduism Demolished Hindu temples, replaced with mosques Tax on Hindus to encourage conversion

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26. The Decline of the Mughal Empire The Taj Mahal is the best example of Mughal architecture – a blending of Hindu, Persian, Turkish and Islamic styles. It was built by Akbar’s great grandson, Shah Jahan, as a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Mumataz Mahal. While the Taj Mahal is loved for its beauty and romantic story, the Indian people paid high taxes and suffered while their rulers lived extravagantly.

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Decline of the Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire declined during the reign of Aurangzeb (Shah Jahan’s son), who revoked all freedoms given to non-Muslims under Akbar in an attempt to purge India of non-Islamic influences. At the end of Aurangezb’s reign, European traders began to take an interest in gaining power in India. In 1661, Aurangezb gave the English traders in India the city of Bombay, the start of English dominance in India.

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Common Elements of Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires 28 Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder empires”) Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and military prowess of the ruler Close relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition Steppe Turkish traditions Issuance of unilateral decrees Intra-family conflicts over power 1595 Sultan massacres 19 brothers (some infants), 15 expectant women (strangulation with silk)

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women and Politics 29 Women officially banned from political activity But tradition of revering mothers, 1 st wives from Chinggis Khan Süleyman the Magnificent defers to concubine Hürrem Sultana Originally Roxelana, Ukrainian woman Convinces husband to murder eldest son in favor of her own child

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Agriculture and Trade 30 American crops effect less dramatic change in Muslim empires Coffee, tobacco important Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax morality of coffee houses Population growth also reflects territorial additions and losses Trade with English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch VOC

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Population Growth 31

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Religious Diversity 32 Ottoman Empire: Christians, Jews Safavid Empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians Mughal Empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs Mughal Akbar most tolerant Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian exclusivity Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving “Divine Faith”

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Status of Religious Minorities 33 Non-Muslim protected people: dhimmi Payment of special tax: jizya Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs Ottoman communities: millet system of self-administration Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in tandem with Hindus Under Akbar, jizya abolished Reaction under Aurangzeb

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Capital Cities 35 Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire, massive monumental architecture Rededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofiya mosque Ishafan major Persian city Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri Chooses site without sufficient water supply, abandoned Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. “Golden Horn” – 15c map

37. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. “Golden Horn”

38. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Deterioration of Imperial Leadership 38 Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury Selim the Sot (r. 1566-1574) Ibrahim the Crazy (r.1640-1648) Attempts to isolate them compounds the problem Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals intensify Role of women Wahhabi movement in Arabia denounces Ottomans as unfit to rule Force destruction of observatory, printing press Safavid Shiites persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims and even Sufis

39. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Economic and Military Decline 39 Foreign trade controlled by Europeans Military, administrative network expensive to maintain Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage, 1589, other revolts follow Unproductive wars European military technology advances faster than Ottomans can purchase it

40. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cultural Conservatism 40 Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities Islamic empires less interested in outside world Swiftly fell behind in technological development E.g. Jews from Spain establish 1 st printing press in Anatolia in late 15 th century But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729 Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of dissemination