1. cicada When females lay their eggs, they can leave scars on the tree branches which can harm the tree.

2. Heart Rot How can you identify it: Root- and heart-rot pathogens will be identified/verified and characterized by DNA sequencing. A good indication of heart rot is the presence of mushrooms or fungus conks on the tree. Can be found in areas that are not prone to large scale dynamic disturbances like wildfires or are dominated by old growth timber.

3. Wood Bore Wood-boring insects often produce sawdust-like frass (excrement/feces). Their holes are normally round, oval or semicircular and are found in a random pattern on the plant. Borers tunnel in the inner bark layer.

4. Spruce Budworm Affected trees will have foliage with a scorched or appearance at the tips of the branches. Defoliation is most obvious in upper crown and branch tips. Needles bound together with webbing.

5. Scale Jake Daggy Identifying Characteristics Small or large hard shell or soft shell insects Can be on every part of the tree Soft scales produce honeydew (sticky leaves)

6. Tree Lightning Damage

7. Lightning damage is very easy to notice. A lot of the times the tree will tend to have one side that has peeled bark or looks like the have streaks on it. This is when the lightning hits the trees side. If the tree is hit from the top in the middle it will tend to look like a peeled banana and the tree will be dead.

8. NEEDLE CAST The fungus Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii causes needle cast of spruce. Occurs in the spring and starts from the bottom and works its way up the tree.

9. Wood Beetles Look for little hole in the bark Bark splits Larvae inside of the tree

10. Spidermite! Identification: To the naked eye, spider mites look like tiny, moving dots Spider mites live in colonies, mostly on the undersurfaces of leaves; a single colony may contain hundreds of individuals The presence of webbing is an easy way to distinguish them from all other types of mites Adult mites have eight legs and an oval body with two red eyespots near the head end Eggs are spherical and translucent, like tiny droplets, becoming cream colored before hatching Spidermite Colony Spidermite webbing Spidermite life cycle Spidermite eggs

11. Mistletoe Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that grows on a tree. It is olive green or a yellow color. It grows on infected branches and tree stumps

12. Tent Caterpillar Tent caterpillars hatch from their eggs in the early spring Feed on leaves

13. Tussock Moth -tussock moth caterpillars feed on needles of spruces. -The tussock moth caterpillar is grayish with brightly colored tufts of hair and a shiny black head. -Severe outbreaks can cause significant mortality of both overstory and understory trees relatively quickly.

14. Sunscald The freezing of bark following high temps in the winter season, resulting in permanent visible damage to the bark. The trees fruits can also be damaged. Sitka Spruce This is usually caused by the trees dormancy. The warm weather after winter wakens the tree, and the fluctuating winter temps can cause frost cracks in the trees. Sunscald on fruit is caused by the fruit being in direct sunlight after being in shaded area for a long period of time. Ash bark

15. Climatic Injury (snow) Snow damage occurs mostly in the winter (first couple snow falls). The weight of the snow on the tree’s leaves, that have not yet fallen off yet, or the branches cause so much weight that the branch snaps breaking the bark and causing damage to the tree.

16. Climatic injury (frost) Frost damage occurs when there are sharp temperature changes between night and day (60 degrees during the day to <20 at night). It causes the water in the trees to freeze and explode breaking the bark.

17. Climatic Injury (wind) Wind damage occurs when high winds happen, mostly during storms, and the wind pushes the treed to the point of branches snapping or uprooting of trees.

18. Aphid infestations Where??? -Underneath the leaf -Along the stem Identification -Sticky leaf from honeydew -Little white bugs on the underside of leaf Honeydew (aphid secretion) -Stickiness on leaf -Can cause a sooty mold on the leaf

19. Chemical Damage from fertilizers Fertilizer burn is a condition that results when excess fertilizer is applied to the ground around a plant. As the fertilizer remains on top of the soil, salts in it dry out the soil. Excess fertilizer not absorbed by the soil or washed away immediately starts damaging the tree. Signs of fertilizer burn on trees include trees with yellowing tips and margins that turn brown. Some leaves may die. There are tell tale signs of injury that include twisting of new growth shoots and browning of needles especially towards the tops of the affected trees.

20. Wetwood/Slime Flux Angelica Kurylo Angelica Kurylo

21. -Caused by a Bacteria called Enterobacter cloacae -this disease is common in elm, oak, mulberry. The most common symptom is oozing sap, which is called "slime flux." -Sap flows from bark cracks or other wounds in the trunk or limbs. The sap can run down the trunk, causing dark streaks that become gray or white when dry. Slime flux can develop rotten smelling odors as secondary microorganisms grow and feed on the oozing liquid. These wet regions are not decayed because decay fungi do not grow well on water-soaked wood. Wetwood can contribute in affected branches and dripping slime flux can slow wound closure. Nothing will cure trees of slime flux. Proper pruning techniques reduce the incidence of wetwood by promoting closure of pruning wounds. Fertilizing can help to invigorate affected trees; however, if the tree is in severe decline, removal of the specimen is suggested.

22. Leaf Spot A leaf spot is a disease contracted in the leaves that leaves a circular fungus on the leaf. These spots are usually the result of an abundance of bacteria buildup on a certain part of the leaf or insects. Leaf spots can cause defoliation of the plant & disease

23. Girdling Roots Definition- when roots overlap and go around the base of the tree Effect- restrict flow of water and nutrients Symptoms- leaves are smaller and lighter green, few are produced Treatment- removal of roots, mulching around base of tree

24. Fire Damage Identifying Characteristics Crown of the tree has shriveled roots Burnt roots. Similar to the color of charcoal. Bark of the tree has a gap in between it.

25. Canker Disease Canker diseases frequently kill branches or structurally weaken a plant until the infected area breaks free, often in a wind or ice storm. The bark often splits between the diseased and the healthy tissue, and sometimes it may ooze sap or moisture. Cankers are usually oval to elongate, but can vary considerably in size and shape. Typically, they appear as localized, sunken, slightly discolored, brown-to- reddish lesions on the bark of trunks and branches, or as injured areas on smaller twigs.

26. GYPSY MOTH Has a preference to deciduous hardwood trees such as: –Caterpillar feeds on »Maple »Elm »Oak –Moths feed on »Apple »Alder »Burch »Poplar »Willow »Pines »Spruces »Sycamores »black walnuts, » dogwoods »balsams. –Dislike »ashes, » sycamores, » butternuts, »black walnuts » dogwoods » balsams.

27. Hatching the young larvae devour leaf portion Sawfly Damage The larval stage has a caterpillar-like body that may be brightly marked with stripes or spots. Look for Ants, Bees, and Wasps.

28. Rust

29. Scab and rust diseases are caused by fungi that invade crabapple, apple, hawthorn, common pear, and other ornamental plants in the rose family. Tree rusts are fungal diseases causing dusty orange or brown spots (pustules) on the leaves