1. ENG 200 - Surveying Ron Williams
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2. Surveying
The art of determining or establishing the relative positions of points on, above, or below the earth’s surface

3. Determining or Establishing
Determining: both points already exist - determine their relative locations.
Establishing: one point, and the location of another point relative to the first, are known. Find the position and mark it.
Most property surveys are re-surveys
determining
you have no right to establish the corners

4. History of Surveying First References
Dueteronomy 19:14
Code of Hannarubi
Egyptions used surveying in 1400 b.c. to divide land up for taxation
Romans introduced surveying instruments

5. Surveying in America Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln were survyors
The presence of surveyors meant someone wanted land - often traveled with soldiers
Railroads opened up the country, but surveyors led the railroad
East coast lands were divided by “Metes and Bounds”, the west by US Public Lands

6. Types of Surveys Plane Surveys Assume NS lines are parallel
Assume EW lines are straight N
Geodetic Surveys
Allow for convergence
Treat EW lines as great circles
Used for large surveys

7. Types of Surveys Land - define boundaries of property
Topographic - mapping surface features
Route - set corridors for roads, etc.
City - lots and blocks, sewer and water, etc.
Construction - line and grade for building
Hydrographic - contours and banks of lakes and rivers
Mines - determine the relative position of shafts beneath the earth’s surface

8. Safety Issues Sun Insects Traffic Brush cutting Electrical lines
Property owners

9. Units of Measure Feet Meters Stations Inches, 1/4, 1/8, etc.
10’ 4-5/8” = 10.39’
Measure to nearest .01’
Meters
1 foot = m
1 m = 3.28’
Stations

10. Units of Measure Rods - 16.5 ft Chains - 66 feet Miles - 5280 feet
4 rods = chain
Miles feet
80 chains = 1 mile
320 rods = 1 mile
Others

11. Math Requirements Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Geometry of Circles
Trig Functions
Geometry, Trig of Triangles

12. ° - ‘ - “ to Decimal Degrees
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
32°15’24”
24” = 24/60’ = 0.4’
15’24” = 15.4’ = 15.4/60° = °
32°15’24” = °
Most calculators do trig calculations using decimal degrees - CONVERT!

13. Decimal Degrees to DMS  = 23.1248° 23.1248° = 23°7’29.3”
0.1248*60 = minutes
0.488*60 = 29.3 seconds
° = 23°7’29.3”
Watch roundoff!
23.1° = 23°6’00”
We do most work to at least 1 minute!
Cheap scientific calculator - $12.00

14. Geometry of a Circle Total angle = 360°
23°18’
Total angle = 360°
4 quadrants - NE, SE, SW, NW - each total 90° NE SE SW NW
Angles typically measured East from North or East from South
Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW) angles add to 360°
360° - 23°18’ = 336°42’

15. Geometry of a Circle N
Transit sited along line AB, 105°15’ clockwise from North. C
135°42’
Transit is turned 135°42’ counterclockwise to site on C. A
105°15’
224°18’
Determine the direction of line AC.
105°15’ - 135°42’ = -30°27’
Counterclockwise – angle gets smaller
Negative result – add 360
-30°27’ + 360° = 329°33’ B
Or: 360° - 135°42’ = 224°18’
105°15’ + 224°18’ = 329°33’

16. Trig Functions
Sin, Cos, Tan are ratios relating the sides of right triangles
o - side opposite the angle 
a - side adjacent to the angle a h h
h - hypotenuse of triangle o h a o o
Sin  = o/h
Cos  = a/h
Tan  = o/a a

17. Using Trig Functions Line AB bears 72°14’ East of North
Length of AB, lAB = ’
Determine how far North and how far East B is from A
72°14’
375.46’ A B
Cos = a/h, a = h*Cos
NB/A = lAB * Cos(72°14’) = ’
357.37
115.15’
Sin = o/h; o = h*Sin
EB/A = lAB * Sin(72°14’) = ’

18. Triangle Geometry, Trig Laws
Sum of interior angles = 180°
Sine law: A B C   
if A = B,  = 
Cosine law:
if  = 90°, A2 = B2 + C2