1. Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineers can alter the DNA code of living organisms. Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA Transgenic Organisms Cloning Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA Transgenic Organisms Cloning

2. Selective Breeding Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals. Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals.

3. Genetic Engineering Is the process of changing an organism’s DNA (genes), usually by inserting a new gene from another organism.

4. Recombinant DNA The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism. Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria. The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism. Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria.

5. Recombinant Bacteria 1.Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). 2.Cut the Bacterial DNA with restriction enzymes. 3.Cut the DNA from another organism with restriction enzymes. 4.Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria. 5.Reproduce the recombinant bacteria. 6.The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.

6. Some Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria 1.Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone. 1.Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills. 1.Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone. 1.Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.

7. The DNA of plants and animals can also be altered. PLANTS 1.disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops 2. Hardier fruit 3.70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified organisms (GMOs). PLANTS 1.disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops 2. Hardier fruit 3.70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified organisms (GMOs). video

8. Creating a Genetically Modified Plant

9. What do you think about eating genetically modified foods?

10. transgenic organisms. Genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS 1.Mice – used to study human immune system 2.Chickens – more resistant to infections 3.Cows – increased milk supply and leaner meat 4. Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk TRANSGENIC ANIMALS 1.Mice – used to study human immune system 2.Chickens – more resistant to infections 3.Cows – increased milk supply and leaner meat 4. Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk

11. Human DNA in a Goat Cell This goat contains a human gene that codes for a blood clotting agent. The blood clotting agent can be harvested in the goat’s milk.. Transgenic Goat

12. DNA for the desired trait is added to an egg cell, and the egg is implanted in the female animal. DNA for the desired trait is added to an egg cell, and the egg is implanted in the female animal. Creating a Transgenic Animal

13. Transgenic animals

14. Transgenic plants

16. What are clones? Genetically Identical Copies Cloning

17. Clones sometimes occur naturally… Identical twins are clones of each otherIdentical twins are clones of each other fertilization Fertilized egg cell splits Sperm cell Egg cell Baby

18. Identical Twins Clones of each other but not of their parents

19. Dolly The Sheep Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. She was born in 1996 and died in 2003. She was 6 when she died, about half the usual age for a sheep. But now we can create clones in a laboratory.

20. Udder Making Dolly the sheep 1. Remove egg from surrogate mother, take out nucleus. 2. Take cell from animal to be cloned, put in egg cell. 3. Zap egg with electricity. 4. Implant egg (embryo) in surrogate mother.

21. Recently cloned animals

22. Problems with cloning mammals Dolly developed premature arthritis and showed signs of aging too quickly. She died at age 6, which is half the natural age of a sheep. Other cloned animals have experienced problems such as breathing trouble, growing too large, and a shorter life span.

23. Cloning can be used to produce organs and tissues to help treat health problems such as arthritis, MS (Multiple Sclerosis), kidney failure, heart failure, spinal injuries, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease. Cloning could be an option in the future for women who cannot conceive a child. Cloning could be used to bring back extinct or endangered animals. Cloning can be used to produce organs and tissues to help treat health problems such as arthritis, MS (Multiple Sclerosis), kidney failure, heart failure, spinal injuries, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease. Cloning could be an option in the future for women who cannot conceive a child. Cloning could be used to bring back extinct or endangered animals. Some Pros for Cloning

24. Should humans be cloned? Is cloning safe? Is it necessary? Is it wise? Ethical Questions to consider… Some Ethical Concerns Could cloning change human evolution in a negative way? Would human clones be treated as objects rather than people? Would we be tempted to genetically modify & enhance the DNA of cloned people? Would people use clones to harvest replacement organs?

25. Websites to Explore http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/photos/12-bizarre-examples-of- genetic-engineering/mad-science What is genetic engineering and many good basics http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_environment/genetic_engineering/what-is-genetic-engineering.html Designer Seeds – Read this and be a pro about genetic engineering. http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.page.asp?I=1230 http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.page.asp?I=1230 Pros and Cons PDF http://www.pbs.org/now/classroom/geneteachers.pdf Genetic Engineering in the news http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/genetic_engineering/index.html?excamp=GGGNgen eticengineering Recommended! Debate over Genetically-modified foods http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/sakko.html

26. Websites to Explore Good questions and answers in the debate http://www.foodfuture.org.uk/home.aspx The Resistance http://www.geaction.org/ Genetically modified foods health concern – great detail http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/pusztai.html Impacts on Ecology –great detail http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/altieri.html Biotechnology and the Green Revolution – Dr. Borlaug won a Nobel prize for his work with genetic engineering. Read an interview with him. http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/borlaug.html#Primer Written transcript from a TV show about genetically engineered plants http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript_corn.html