1. Soil Testing for Phosphorus and Potassium

2. Routine Soil Testing goals Rapid Affordable Predictive Reproducible Widely applicable Track changes in fertility Develop nutrient management plan

3. Soil testing starts with collecting a good sample Soil testing is not useful without meaningful samples Soil Testing basics

4. Taking a Good Soil Sample Decide on sampling equipment, soil depth, number of samples, and location Have a clean plastic pail for mixing the individual cores A light coat on the interior of the sampling probe of a spray lubricant (such as WD 40) can help with removal of the sample A field map or GPS unit to record where the samples came from Clearly labeled soil bags or boxes for sending to the laboratory

5. Taking a Good Soil Sample Divide the field or management area into areas depending on topography, soils, management history. A soil map will be helpful for this Take 15 to 20 individual soil cores and mix well into one composite sample to be analyzed by the laboratory Clearly label the sample container and completely fill out the information sheet from the soil testing lab, so proper recommendations can be made for the specific field area and the crop to be grown

6. Where to Avoid Sampling Field borders, especially if close to a gravel road with crushed limestone Where there have been brush piles, straw or haystacks, manure piles, lime piles, etc. in the field Trouble spots, such as due to erosion or salinity, unless sampled separately Old fertilizer bands in row crops Injection knife tracks Old fence rows, roads, or buildings Animal excretion or congregating spots

7. Sampling Depth Plow/ Disc/ Chisel tillage: –Most frequently sampled to depth of 6 in., but may be –7, 8, or 12 in. in some areas (depending on cropping system) Ridge-tillage –Sampled to a depth of 6 in., taken 6 in. from the row No-tillage or minimum tillage: –Sampled to a depth of 4 in., but may be 3 or 6 in. –(sometimes the surface 1 or 2 in. is sampled for soil pH) Established pasture and turf: –Sampled to depth of 3 or 4 in. Remove heavy thatch before sampling General recommendations are based on previous crop, tillage system, and fertilization practices. Follow the recommendations of your soil testing laboratory:

8. 8 in. 16 in. 24 in. 32 in. Forest Residual Nitrate Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test Turf Plowed No-till (2 samples) Ridge- till 6 inches General Recommendations for Depth of Sampling

9. Depth and Location of Cores Impact Variability 440 580 330 440 160 330 440 37 in. 0 10 Depth in. 160 6 8 in. 160 – 580 ppm K 4 in. 330 – 580 ppm K Robbins and Voss, 1991 (IA)

10. Sampling in Ridge-Till Systems with Residual Fertilizer Bands Sample to 6 in. depth; 6 in. from the row Avoid high P and K zones that may have been band-applied near the row 6 in.

11. Sampling Soils with Banded Fertilizer In soils with residual fertilizer bands… –The general recommendation is to double the number of cores in a composite sample sent to the lab to get a representative analysis If the location of the P fertilizer band is known: –30-in. row spacing: Sample once in-the-band for every 20 between-the-band samples (1:20 ratio) –12-in. row spacing: Sample once in the band for every eight between-the-band samples (1:8 ratio) If the location of the P fertilizer band is unknown: –If <20 subsamples (cores) are taken, paired sampling in the field consisting of: 1. A completely random set of samples and 2. A second set of samples, collected at half the fertilizer band spacing, perpendicular to the row The greatest deviation from the "true" P soil test occurs when inadequate sampling includes rather than excludes the band

12. Soil Sampling Orchards Leaf sampling is usually more accurate than soil analysis to monitor nutrient status of perennial crops, but soil testing still provides useful information Before planting, obtain a soil map and take samples according to soil type and field characteristics

13. Soil Sampling Orchards Irrigated Orchards: Sample in area wetted by irrigation Take soil cores under the drip-line for sprinkler or basin irrigation With drip or micro-sprinkler irrigation, take cores 1/2 to 2/3 of the way out from emitter towards wetted edge Non-irrigated Orchards: Sample in active rooting area Take multiple cores around drip-line for a composite soil sample One-foot depth is generally adequate

14. Number of sample cores Percent of values falling into the mean range One core is not adequate to represent field variability! The suggested number of cores depends on the degree of field variability Taking 5 to 8 cores may be adequate, but 15-20 cores may be required to get a representative sample How Many Cores are Needed? Franzen and Berglund, 1997

15. “ More ” Cores Improves Precision and Accuracy Soil test P category upper limit, ppm Frequency (50 total) 0 2 17 20 7 3 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 5 cores per sample 00 8 34 8 00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10203040506070 20 cores per sample True average

16. Soil Sampling Equipment Sampling Tools: –Shovel: –Use clean tools –Sample from the proper depth and location –Place samples in clean bucket for mixing

17. Soil Sampling Equipment Sampling Tools: –Shovel: –Use clean tools –Sample from the proper depth and location –Place samples in clean bucket for mixing Push probe: –One-inch diameter tube is most common –Convenient to use in soils without stones –Easy to clean tube and sample to a consistent depth

18. Soil Sampling Equipment Sampling Tools: –Shovel: –Use clean tools –Sample from the proper depth and location –Place samples in clean bucket for mixing Push probe: –One-inch diameter tube is most common –Convenient to use in soils without stones –Easy to clean tube and sample to a consistent depth Auger: –More convenient in rocky, wet, and hard soils –Easier to sample to deeper depths –A variety of tips and designs are available for different soil textures

19. Equipment-Mounted Sampling Equipment Tractor-mounted Truck-mountedATV-mounted

20. Sample Handling and Shipping Once the individual cores have been collected in a bucket, break the lumps, remove stones, and mix well Mix the soil completely and fill the sample box or bag to the “full mark” (usually one to two cups of soil) Avoid taking wet soil samples, but allow to air dry if the samples are too wet for shipping Carefully label each sample container and make careful description on a field sketch or field notes of where the samples were taken Accurately complete the field information sheet requested by the lab in order to get the most accurate recommendations possible

21. Practical Sampling Equipment Considerations Probes and shovels do not work well in rocky soils Bucket augers may work best in sandy-textured soils Special tools are sometimes used in sampling turf Use a tool that permits sampling to a consistent, accurate depth

22. Time and Frequency of Sample Collection Seasonal variability does exist –But more for soil pH than for P or K If possible, sample at the same time of year to reduce variability If not possible to sample at the same time, the soil analysis will still be useful for making nutrient decisions and tracking trends What season of the year?

23. Corn Grain Yield bu/A Topsoil variation Low soil P and K End-row compaction Soil pH Historically managed less intensively Treeline and end-row compaction Greater weed pressure Nearly flat, ponding Natural and Man-Made Variability Impacts Soil Productivity Map Courtesy of Kitchen, USDA - ARS

24. Soil P Concentrations 1-2 mg P/kg 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-18 When to Take Directed Soil Samples? Suspected Field Variability Indirect Indicators: –Topography –Aerial photos –Soils map –Yield map –Soil EC Direct Indicators: –Cropping history –Fertilizer history –Manure history –Old homesteads –Old feedlots Map Courtesy of R. Koenig, Washington State University

25. Sampling by Soil Type May Be Best Choice for Some Fields In highly variable landscapes, sampling by soil type (zone) is superior to a random sampling scheme Sampling by soil type and landscape position is frequently the best way to get accurate information on the fertility status of a field

26. Zone or Grid Sampling? Zone sampling (Stratified sampling) –Uses farmer knowledge of field variation –Excellent if location of variation known –Use if there are regular or repeating patterns –Good for large sampling areas (> 5 acres) Grid sampling –Will help locate unknown sources of variation –Easy to manage fertilizer with field maps –Can increase knowledge of the field

27. Grid Sampling: Different Approaches Composite (or cell) system –More robust for large grid size –Requires more effort –Less variable grid Grid point system –Assumes sampled areas can predict unsampled areas –Difficult on narrow fields –Superior if you can afford a small grid size point x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x composite grid x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

28. Grid or Zone-Based Soil Sampling Easiest with the assistance of a GPS monitoring system to record sampling sites Cores are collected and composited surrounding the pre-determined sampling site Results from the soil analysis are processed with GIS data-handling software to make field maps

29. More Intensive Sampling Results in Better Data …but More Expense Too - - - - - Soil P concentrations - - - - - sampled on 2.5-acre grid sampled on 0.15-acre grid Map Courtesy of Kitchen, USDA - ARS

30. Field composite Stratified composite Grid Examples of Sampling Strategies Field Composite –Sampling representing the mean concentration of the field Stratified/Zone Composite –Separate samples based on known or expected field variability Grid –Samples taken based on pre- determined pattern and spacing

31. Choosing a Soil Sampling Strategy First consider the sources and degree of field variability (both natural and man-made) Whole field (random) sampling most appropriate when: –the existing fertility is high and/or variability is low Field-zone sampling (by soil type or landscape position) may be most appropriate when: –location of variation is known –sampling areas are large –resources are limited Grid sampling may be most appropriate when the location of variation is unknown and future management can address the spatial variability

32. What is the Right Soil Extractant? Chemical solutions are added to soil samples that mimic root and soil processes- estimating both current and future nutrient availability The nutrient extracting solution should simulate the natural processes found in different types of soils Some extractants and methods are better suited for particular soils and the lab results must be calibrated with local field research

33. Soil Surface Phosphate Extractant Provides an “Index of Availability” Nutrient Extraction Process: Theory Measure what is currently available and predict what will soon become available to the plant Not a prediction of the total quantity of nutrients in the soil

34. Selecting a Soil P Extractant The extracting solution should remove plant-available P from the soil through at least one of these reactions: 1.Dissolving action of acid 2.Anion replacement to enhance P desorption 3.Complex the cations that bind P 4.Hydrolysis of cations that bind P

35. Potassium Ammonium Acetate Modified Morgan Sodium Acetate Mehlich 1 or Mehlich 3 Phosphorus Bray 1 Mehlich 1 Mehlich 3 Modified Kelowna Modified Morgan Sodium-Bicarbonate (Olsen) Extraction Analysis Selecting a Soil Extractant Select a soil extracting solution that has been previously calibrated for the soils in a specific region. Commonly used extracts include:

36. Negatively Charged Membrane K+K+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ SO 4 2- HPO 4 2- H+H+ HCO 3 - - - - - H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Positively Charged Membrane NO 3 - Ion Exchange Membranes and Resins Membranes are designed to simulate a plant root by attracting anions (on cation resin) or cations (on anion resin) Exchange membranes estimate nutrient availability without soil disturbance Sequential measurement can provide an estimate of the nutrient availability rate

37. Choose a Well-Established Soil Testing Lab that Uses Appropriate Techniques and Participates in a Quality-Assurance Program

38. Steps to Sampling Success Good Field Sampling is the First Step Accurate Chemical Analysis is the Second Step Data Interpretation is the Third Step –Analytical accuracy is essential… but of little value in the field without relating these lab numbers to actual crop response –Are the fertilizer response predictions accurate for your soil types, crops, and management practices?

39. Recommendations Analytical results Two Essential Parts of a Soil Test Report

40. Soil Test Index of Nutrient Availability Percent of Maximum Fertilizer Requirement Crop Response Very High Response Probability Medium Response Probability Little or No Response Probability No Response Expected Examples of Relationships between: Soil Test Values Crop Response P and K Fertilizer Recommendations

41. Sampling pastures and Fields Receiving manure Accurate assessment of nutrients in fields receiving animal waste is important for nutrient management planning Highly variable fertility levels across the field make it difficult to collect an accurate soil sample Careful soil sampling allows better decisions to be made and efficient use of essential plant nutrients

42. Sampling manure-Amended Soils Poor estimates of soil nutrient status makes it difficult to have an accurate nutrient management plan: –Poor agronomic results –Unwanted environmental impacts Non-uniform manure application makes it difficult to get a field “average” of nutrient content A large number of cores is necessary to represent both high soil test areas and low soil test areas

43. Sampling Pastures Avoid sampling in areas that are not representative of the area – consider that animal activities are a huge source of variation such as around feeders, water, shade trees Avoid sampling near fresh manure piles or recent urine spots since they may not be representative of the field Use a random zig-zag pattern to collect 15 to 20 individual cores for each field (less than 20 acres) Remove plant and manure debris, break the cores, and thoroughly mix the samples before submitting for analysis

44. Sampling pastures: Guidelines Divide fields into smaller management zones (usually less than 20 acres) Avoid sampling adjacent to roads, fence lines and congregation spots Take at least 15 – 20 cores at random points along a zig- zag pattern

45. Summary Before sampling, decide on the purpose of soil testing and how the information will be used Choose an appropriate sampling strategy for your individual situation Take appropriate number of cores, using appropriate equipment to get accurate results Thoroughly mix the cores and send samples to a well-respected laboratory that uses appropriate analytical techniques for your situation Review the results and recommendations to verify that they fit with your field experience

46. International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) 655 Engineering Drive, Suite 110 Norcross, GA 30092-2837 Phone: 770-447-0335; Fax: 770-448-0439 Website: www.ipni.net Reference: 06128