1. Asphalt Binders
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2. Introduction Terminology / Uses Sources / Manufacturing
Composition / Product Types
Temperature Susceptibility
Specifications / Testing
Modifiers / Additives
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3. Terminology Asphalt/Bitumen Asphalt Concrete - Pavement
A mixture of heavy carbon-based compounds containing a high percentage of multiple-ring aromatics, many involving sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen atoms
hydrocarbons soluble in CS2
Brown-Black semi-solid material which is solid at room temp but softens and flows when heated
Asphalt Cement - binder - oil
Asphalt Concrete - Pavement
Asphalt Cement plus Aggregate
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4. Asphalt Uses Paving Material Preservative / Protection
Waterproofing / Roofing
Insulator / Adhesive / Lubricant
Industrial & Building Material
Fuel oil - Bunker, LIFO, MIFO
Conversion Feedstock
produce lighter petroleum products - gasoline, diesel etc
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5. Asphalt Uses
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6. Asphalt Uses
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7. Asphalt Uses
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8. Asphalt Uses
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9. Asphalt Uses
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10. Asphalt Uses
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11. Asphalt Sources Native or Natural Asphalts
bitumens with inorganic impurities
Trinidad lake has 25-50% insolubles
Asphaltites - no impurities, high asphaltene content
Gilsonite - Eastern Utah
Rock Asphalts -- asphalt in rock
impregnated sandstones - Oklahoma
tar sands - Alberta
oil shales - Colorado
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12. Asphalt Sources Tars - distillation of coal
Pitch is distillation residue of tar
Petroleum asphalts from crude oil
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13. Manufacturing Asphalts produced from crude oil
Crude Oil Taxonomy - 18 Classes
Light, Intermediate, heavy
Sweet, Intermediate, Sour
Paraffinic, Napthenic
Best crudes for paving asphalts are heavy napthenic crudes
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14. Crude Oil
Crude oil is found as a natural deposit on the earth’s surface or buried up to 18,000 ft deep
First oil wells were drilled in China in 347 AD using bits attached to bamboo poles and achieved depths up to 800 ft
Modern oil era was originally driven by kerosene oil for lamps
Edison’s light bulb reduced demand but was offset by internal combustion engine gasoline
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15. Petroleum Deposit of Western Canada
Western Canada has the complete spectrum of hydrocarbons from light sweet crude to tar sands
Generally oil is heavier towards the northeast. That is the closer to the Rockies, the lighter the crude.
Lloydminister heavy oil can be produced by conventional means while Cold Lake can only be recovered by thermal stimulation
The tar sands must be physically mined
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16. Refining Crude
Most impact on the asphalt properties is from the crude source but the manufacturing process can also have an effect
There are 80 refineries in North America producing asphalt - 5 in Western Canada
Typically integrated refineries produce asphalt as a by-product, but there are dedicated asphalt refineries as well.
Primary asphalt manufacturing is by fractional distillation
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17. Refining Crude
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18. Cracked Asphalts Very poor paving materials
breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller molecules through the application of temperature pressure and use of catalysts
Thermal crackers
Cokers
Catalytic Cracking
Hydrocracking
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19. Constitution of Asphalt
Asphalt - colloid multiphase mixture of millions of different components
Identification by groups of components
Asphalt
heptane
methanol + toluene
asphaltenes
TCE
toluene
naphthene aromatics
polar aromatics
saturates
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20. Asphaltenes Dark brown or black solids insoluble in nonpolar solvents
Elemental composition varies only over narrow range
Carbon : 82  3%
Hydrogen : 8.1  0.7%
General belief that unaltered asphaltenes have a definite composition
Notable variation in the proportion of heteroatoms:
Oxygen : %
Sulphur : %
Nitrogen : %
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21. Asphaltenes
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22. Resins Dark semisolid or solid, very adhesive fractions
Soluble in liquids that precipitate asphaltenes
C/H ratio : 7.5 ~ 9.1
Hydrogen : 9.5 ~ 11%
Polycyclic structures with 5~6 rings (2~3 aromatic on which there are aliphatic substituents
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23. Oils Lowest molecular weight hydrocarbons in asphalt
Similar to lubricating oils - highest boiling fraction of lubricants
Control the harness of asphalt
Single or condensed naphthene and aromatic rings with side chains of varying length
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24. Oils mono-, di-, polynuclear aromatics C/H ratio : 6.8 ~ 8
molecular weight : 240 ~ 800, most 360 ~ 500
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25. Structure and Colloidal Properties of Asphalts
Physical properties of asphalt = f (dispersion of asphatenes in maltenes)
Peptizing effect of aromatic and resin portions of maltenes keep the colloidal structure of asphalt
Prime consideration - rate of absorption of higher MW maltenes on the asphaltene particles = f(time, temperature)
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26. Structure and Colloidal Properties of Asphalts
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31. Asphalt Products Asphalt Cements Cutback Asphalts Asphalt Emulsions
reduce viscosity by heating
Cutback Asphalts
reduce viscosity by blending with a solvent
RC, MC, SC
Asphalt Emulsions
Asphalt in water - or inverted
Anionic or Cationic - charge of particles
RS, MS, SS
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33. Asphalt Testing Penetration Viscosity (shear rate)
Softening Point (R & B)
Ductility
Flashpoint (COC, PM)
Solubility (TCE)
TFOT, RTFOT
Mass Loss, Aging Index
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34. Specifications
Classical Specifications were designed to describe the material not its performance
Recent specifications (CGSB ) have incorporated some performance criteria
Superpave specifications are used to define performance using new methods of measuring properties
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