1. Understanding Insecticides or 101 Ways to Kill a Cockroach
Philip G. Koehler
Margie & Dempsey Sapp Endowed Professor of Urban Entomology
Department of Entomology
University of Florida

2. Insecticide
Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating insects.

3. Modes of Action of Insecticides
Nervous System
Cellular Toxins
Cuticular Disrupters
Growth and
Metamorphosis
Energy Production

4. Insecticide Causes Mad Cow Disease
Nervous System
Lethal spasms and seizures
Insects flip on back
Legs wiggle uncontrollably
Myths:
Insecticide Causes Mad Cow Disease
by Fintan Dunne, Research by Kathy McMahon
Reprinted from eionews.com, -
Prions in human brains are damaged by lice lotions containing organophosphate. This can result in neurological diseases like CJD and Alzheimers later in life.

5. Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System
Sodium Channel
DDT
Pyrethroids
permethrin
deltamethrin

6. Nerves and Pyrethroids
Repeated nerve firing
Sodium Channels
Direction of Nerve Impulse

7. Why do neurons like e-mail?
They like to send and receive lots of messages

8. Pyrethroids Allethrin Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Permethrin Cypermethrin
Deltamethrin
d-phenothrin
Tetramethrin
Synthetically produced chemicals based on biologically active compounds in pyrethrum plant
Irritating to skin
Allergies
Active at low concentrations
Lipophilic

9. Talstar PL Granular: bifenthrin
Unique sand core granular
Provides a 2 to 4 month residual, supplying effective, long-term protection.
Penetrates mulch and grass, with no watering needed.
No odor
Low application rates

10. Pyrethroids Effects Action on Human System - Irritant
Systemic Effects - Minimal
Irritation Effects - Stinging, burning, itching, tingling, numbness of skin.

11. Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System
Cholinesterase
Sodium Channel
Carbamates
Phosphates
DDT
Pyrethroids
permethrin
deltamethrin
chlorpyrifos
malathion
diazinon
propoxur
carbaryl

12. Neuro-transmitters
Neuro-receptors

13. What happens when a neurotransmitter falls in love with a receptor?
You get a binding relationship

14. Neurotransmitter and Receptor Types
Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Histamine
Amino Acids
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glycine
Glutamate
Aspartate
Targeted by
Insecticides

15. Cholinesterase Inhibitors
ACh
Organophosphates
Carbamates
Causes repeated nerve firing
Receptors

16. Organophosphates and Carbamates
Chlorpyrifos
Diazinon
Trichlorfon
Parathion
Carbamates
carbaryl (Sevin)
propoxur (Baygon)
Chemicals which are derived from phosphoric and carbamic acid and bond with cholinesterase
Acute toxicity
Not persistent
Hyper-excitation
Insect flips on back with legs twitching
Sulfur in formulation often causes strong odor

17. Dursban: Chlorpyrifos
Proven Residual Control
Effective control makes it the perfect product for maintenance accounts.
Ability to provide control for several weeks, keeps customers protected between treatments.
Broad Label for Varied Applications
Broad labeling allows use for almost any application indoors or out.
Designed to be used in homes and apartments, hospitals, stores, manufacturing plants and warehouses.

18. Organophosphate Effects
Action on Human System - Inhibits acetylcholinesterase enzyme in tissues.
Systemic Effects - Headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, sweating.
Irritation Effects - Minimal rashes, but readily absorbed through the skin.
Delayed/Allergic Effects - Loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general feeling of sickness. Occasionally permanent harm to brain and nervous system.

19. N-Methyl Carbamates Effects
Action on Human System - Reversible changes in acetylcholinesterase enzyme in tissues.
Systemic Effects - Headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, sweating.
Irritation Effects - Minimal rashes, but readily absorbed through the skin.
Delayed/Allergic Effects - Loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general feeling of sickness.

20. When does a brain get scared?
When it loses its nerve

21. Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System
Sodium Channel
Cholinesterase
Acetylcholine
receptor
Carbamates
Phosphates
DDT
Pyrethroids
Imidacloprid
permethrin
deltamethrin
chlorpyrifos
malathion
diazinon
propoxur
carbaryl

22. Acetylcholine Receptor
Nicotine
Chloronicotinyls
Fluoronicotinyls
Acetylcholine
ACh
Nicotinic
Receptors
Muscarinic
Receptors
ACh-receptors

23. Chloronicotinyls Imidacloprid Advantage -- pet treatment
Merit -- turf ornamentals
Premise -- termites
Affects insects first by paralyzing mouthparts
Water soluble
Systemic in plants
Slow action

24. Premise: Imidacloprid
No odor
Not repellent to termites
Low risk to your family, your pets, your home
Premise causes a range of effects:
Pests stop feeding
Premise Plus Nature™. This phenomenon makes termites susceptible to infection by naturally occurring organisms.
Lateral Soil Movement causes spread to ensure thorough soil coverage

25. Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System
Sodium Channel
GABA Receptor
Cholinesterase
Acetylcholine Receptor
Carbamates
Phosphates
DDT
Pyrethroids
Cyclodienes
Phenyl pyrazoles
Imidacloprid
permethrin
deltamethrin
chlorpyrifos
malathion
diazinon
chlordane
heptachlor
fipronil
propoxur
carbaryl

26. GABA Receptor in Central Nervous System
Phenyl pyrazoles or
Fiproles
GABA
GABA receptor
Chloride ions
Fipronil
GABA
GABA-receptors

27. If some of Fred Flintstone's neurotransmitters could talk, what would they say?
GABA-daba-doo

28. Phenyl pyrazoles Fipronil Chipco Choice -- mole crickets & grubs
Termidor -- termites
Regent -- corn
Frontline -- flea & tick
MaxForce FC -- cockroaches and ants
Most lipophilic insecticide ever discovered
Persistent in soil
Spread among social insects on bodies
4 months of residual on dogs (binds to oils in sebaceous glands)
cross-resistance from cyclodienes

29. MaxForce FC: Fipronil Unique mode of action:
long-term control
faster results than other ant and cockroach bait products
Fipronil is a highly active, broad-spectrum insecticide from the phenyl pyrazole family
discovered in 1987
low doses
highly effective against a broad range of insect pests, including ants and roaches

30. Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System
Sodium Channel
Glutamate Receptor
GABA Receptor
Cholinesterase
Acetylcholine Receptor
Carbamates
Phosphates
Avermectins
DDT
Pyrethroids
Cyclodienes
Fiproles
Imidacloprid
permethrin
deltamethrin
abamectin
chlorpyrifos
malathion
diazinon
chlordane
heptachlor
fipronil
propoxur
carbaryl

31. Glutamate Receptor in Central Nervous System
Avermectins
Abamectin
Glutamate
Receptors
Abamectin
Glutamate
Glutamate-receptors

32. Avermectins Abamectin Avert -- cockroaches Advance -- ants
Produced from soil microbials. Stomach poison for ants and cockroaches
slow acting
low toxicity to mammals

33. Avert and Advance Attractive, long-lasting bait formulations
Highly effective active ingredient

34. Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System
Sodium Channel
Glutamate Receptor
GABA Receptor
Cholinesterase
Acetylcholine Receptor
Carbamates
Phosphates
Avermectins
DDT
Pyrethroids
Cyclodienes
Fiproles
Imidacloprid
permethrin
deltamethrin
abamectin
chlorpyrifos
malathion
diazinon
chlordane
heptachlor
fipronil
propoxur
carbaryl

36. Why was the brain sent to the principal's office?
It had trouble controlling its impulses

37. Mitochondrial Energy Disrupters
Electron transport
Hydramethylnon
Oxidative phosphorylation
Rotenone
Pyrroles
chlorfenapyr
Fluorinated sulfonamids
sulfluramid
Mitochondria

38. Mitochondria Structures

39. Energy Production in cells
The chief function of the mitochondria is to create energy by aerobic respiration.
Glucose is broken down in the cell's cytoplasm to form pyruvic acid
Krebs Cycle:
Pyruvic acid goes through the Krebs cycle in mitochondria
Reacts with water to produce carbon dioxide and ten hydrogen atoms
Electron transport:
Hydrogen atoms are transported on coenzymes to the cristae,
Hydrogen atoms donated to the electron transport chain.
Oxidative Phosphorylation -- ADP to ATP

40. Uh, yeah, Homework Help Line?
I need to have you explain the Krebs cycle in roughly the amount of time it takes to get a cup of coffee.

41. Blockers of Electron Transport
Hydramethylnon

42. Hydramethylnon MaxForce -- cockroaches and ants Siege -- cockroaches
Combat -- cockroaches and ants
Amdro -- fire ants
Yellowish active ingredient that stains. Therefore, it is formulated as bait rather than a spray.
Delayed action
Insects come to a stop
Unstable in sunlight

43. MaxForce: Hydramethylnon
Powerful delayed-action makes it an ideal active ingredient for bait products.
traditional insecticides affect the nervous system and quickly produce hyperexcitation and convulsions,
hydramethylnon works gradually as a metabolic poison.
After a single feeding, no immediate symptoms of poisoning
Within hours, the insects become lethargic and stop eating.
Insects die within 24 to 72 hours. Death caused by inhibiting the formation of ATP.
Without the formation of ATP, insects simply run out of gas.

44. Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Rotenone
Sulfluramid
Chlorfenapyr

45. Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Rotenone -- botanical
Sulfluramid -- surfactant used originally in floor cleaning compounds
Pyrroles: chlorfenapyr
new class of insecticides
Trade name: Phantom

46. FluorGuard: Sulfluramid
FluorGuard™ Ant Control Baits are effective against a broad spectrum of ants, including:
Argentine Ants
Pharaoh Ants
Pavement Ants
Various Household Ants

47. Cellular Toxins Inorganics Fumigants Copper Boric acid Borax
Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate
Fumigants
Sulfuryl fluoride
Methyl bromide
Phosphine (aluminum or magnesium phosphide)
Naphthalene
Paradichlorobenzene

48. BORA-CARE or Tim-bor Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate
Excellent kill and preventative for wood destroying organisms
Applied to bare wood to prevent the home from being a food source for termites.
Wood treatment eliminates potential soil or water contamination.

49. Boric Acid Effects
Action on Human System - Irritant; harms stomach, intestines, blood system, and brain.
Systemic Effects - Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in vomit and feces, headache, weakness, tremors, restlessness.
Irritation Effects - Irritates and burns skin and respiratory tract.

50. Vikane: Sulfuryl fluoride
Proven Effectiveness
More than 30 years of university research, practical use and published reports.
Peace-of-Mind Control
Only treatment for drywood termites that effectively penetrates the entire structure.
Cost-Effective Option
Fumigation eliminates all existing infestations throughout the entire structure in one application.

51. Phostoxin: phosphine Used to fumigate
stored food
seed
grain
DEGESCH operates a manufacturing facility in the beautiful Shenandoah Valley that produces the aluminum phosphide product, Phostoxin.

52. Cuticular Disrupters Silica gel Diatomaceous earth Wax Layer
Amorphous, nonabrasive
Absorbs 3 times its weight in oils and waxes
Insect dehydrates and dies
Diatomaceous earth
It is fossilized silica remains of diatoms
Both abrasive and absorptive
Absorbs wax layer of insect cuticle, but also works by abrading the cuticle

53. Tri-Die: Silica Gel
Naturally derived repellent residual dust with contact kill.
It contains 1% pyrethrum, 10% piperonyl butoxide, and 40% amorphous silica.

54. Insect Growth Regulators
Juvenile hormone analogs or mimics
Chitin inhibitors (benzoylphenyl ureas)

55. Juvenile Hormone Products
Cockroach affected by hydroprene
Methoprene -- not stable in sunlight
Altosid
PharaohRid
Extinguish Fire Ant Bait
Hydroprene -- not stable in sunlight
Gencor
Pyriproxyfen -- stable in sunlight
Archer
Neem (azodiractin) -- no good formulations

56. Archer: Pyriproxyfen Target Both Cockroaches and Fleas with one IGR
Unique mode of action
Low use rates
Lasting residual activity
Photostable for long-term control

57. Juvenile Hormone Analog Effects
Action on Human System - Very low systemic toxicity.
Systemic Effects - Minimal

58. Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSI)
Diflubenzuron (Dimilin)
Hexaflumuron (Recruit bait used in Sentricon)
Lufenuron (Program)
Affect insect’s ability to molt by shutting off synthesis of chitin
CSI affected
Normal
Termite workers

59. Sentricon with Recruit II Bait
First product approved under the EPA's new Reduced Risk Pesticide Initiative.
Workers ingest bait and pass it along to other members of the termite colony.
Impacts termites by inhibiting their molting process

60. Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Effects
Action on Human System - Low systemic toxicity.
Systemic Effects - Minimal

61. Modes of Action of Insecticides
Nervous System
Cellular Toxins
Cuticular Disrupters
Growth and
Metamorphosis
Energy Production

63. What did the brain say during its retirement speech?
Thanks for the memories