1. Introduction to Exercise Science
KNR 164

2. A Profession Defined (but not limited to)
Skill based on theoretical knowledge: Professionals are assumed to have extensive theoretical knowledge (e.g. architecture, medicine, law, scripture) and to possess skills based on that knowledge that they are able to apply in practice.
Professional association: Professions usually have professional bodies organized by their members, which are intended to enhance the status of their members and have carefully controlled entrance requirements.
Extensive period of education: The most prestigious professions usually require at least three years at university.
Testing of competence: Before being admitted to membership of a professional body, there is a requirement to pass prescribed examinations that are based on mainly theoretical knowledge.
Institutional training: In addition to examinations, there is usually a requirement for a long period of institutionalized training where aspiring professionals acquire specified practical experience in some sort of trainee role before being recognized as a full member of a professional body. Continuous upgrading of skills through professional development (CEU) is also mandatory these days.

3. A Profession Defined (but not limited to)
Licensed practitioners: Professions seek to establish a register or membership so that only those individuals so licensed are recognized as bona fide.
Work autonomy: Professionals tend to retain control over their work, even when they are employed outside the profession in commercial or public organizations. They have also gained control over their own theoretical knowledge.
Code of professional conduct or ethics: Professional bodies usually have codes of conduct or ethics for their members and disciplinary procedures for those who infringe the rules.
Self-regulation: Professional bodies tend to insist that they should be self-regulating and independent from government. Professions tend to be policed and regulated by senior, respected practitioners and the most highly qualified members of the profession,
Public service and altruism: The earning of fees for services rendered can be defended because they are provided in the public interest, e.g. the work of doctors contributes to public health.
Is ES a Profession?

4. Basic Definition of Exercise Science (ES)
ES is an academic discipline or field devoted to the study and understanding of human movement
ES “refers to the application of science to the phenomenon of exercise” (Brown, 2001, p. 6)
exercise refers primarily to voluntary and intentional human movement (e.g., structured exercise, leisure- time and lifestyle physical activity, sport, skilled movement)
application of science refers to fact that ES uses scientific principles from many parent disciplines and rigorous scientific inquiry within sub disciplines to develop knowledge about movement

5. Subdisciplines of ES
ES requires contributions from many subdisciplines
“movement” is explored scientifically from every conceivable vantage point through the subdisciplines
these are the “science” components of ES within which the body of knowledge is described, studied, and expanded
together this knowledge makes up ES

6. Other Distinctions (e.g., Kamen, 2001)
Subdisciplines of ES
exercise physiology and biochemistry
biomechanics
motor learning and control
sports medicine
exercise and sport psychology
Other Distinctions (e.g., Kamen, 2001)
Initial common subdisciplines of ES

7. Subdisciplines of ES (Kinesiology)
exercise physiology
clinical exercise physiology
nutrition
motor control and learning
psychology
biomechanics
athletic training and sports medicine
According to Pottieger ( 2011)

8. Subdisciplines of ES Current common subdisciplines of ES
exercise physiology
sport nutrition
epidemiology
clinical exercise physiology
clinical biomechanics
sport biomechanics
athletic training
exercise and sport psych
motor behavior
sport history
sport sociology
According to Brown (2001)
Current common subdisciplines of ES

9. Important Points no consensus on which sub disciplines count
other possible sub-disciplines include: sports literature, sports art, exercise biochemistry, sports physiology, sport pedagogy (physical education), adapted physical education, sports management
key is that any area of study (discipline or sub discipline) that can add to understanding of movement is valuable to ES (see Figure 1-2)

11. Discipline Name?
debate over past 20 years about the proper name for the field
examples include:
exercise and sport sciences
movement sciences
kinesiology
exercise science
human performance
movement and sport sciences

12. Organization at Illinois State University
School of Kinesiology and Recreation
Majors:
Athletic Training
Exercise Science
Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE)
Major:
Recreation and Park Administration (RPA)
Sequences (within RPA):
Recreation Management
Therapeutic Recreation

13. Exercise Science vs. Physical Education
Discipline devoted to the scientific study of human movement
Discipline devoted to investigating how the teaching process can be most effectively used to acquire motor skills
Illustration of Differences
JTPE vs. MSSE vs. RQES

19. Important Points sister disciplines both interested in movement
distinct research topics

22. Important Points – adaptation/growth
ES as a whole and the individual subdisciplines are constantly undergoing change (e.g., sport and exercise psychology)
Growth:
emerging consensus of physical activity as a key “health behavior” should benefit field

23. Exercise Science as a Profession
characteristic of an occupation
workers in a “professional” role…
master complex skills that are grounded in and guided by systematic theory and research
perform services for others known as clients or patients
are granted a monopoly by the community to supply certain services to its members
are guided by formal and informal ethical codes intended to preserve the health and well-being of the clients
ranges on a continuum

27. Exercise Science as a Profession
Criteria for a “profession”
intellectual pursuit and responsible actions
knowledge base derived from science and research
practice involves the use of practical skills – not solely academic skills
representative professional organization
high level of communication within members of good standing
altruism
Flexner as cited in Brown (2001)

28. ES Professionals Should Know…
what a profession is
the type of work professionals do
how one gains entry to and acceptance in a profession
the obligations of professionals
the most important factors to consider in preparing for a career in the ES–related professions
Chapter 12 - Hoffman (2005)

29. Training Exercise Science Professionals
typically within liberal arts and sciences
course work in physical activity
course work in theoretical and applied theoretical knowledge in exercise science and kinesiology
course work in professional practice knowledge and skills for particular professions
internship experiences at the worksite

30. Exercise Science at ISU - History
Was part of physical education.
First appeared as a sequence called Fitness Leadership
Then became sequence called Exercise Science and Fitness
Finally in 2003, became stand alone Exercise Science major.

31. Exercise Science at ISU (until Fall 2014)
ISU general education requirements
kinesiology core
major coursework
professional practice (internships) experiences
cognate hours

32. Exercise Science at ISU
Kinesiology Core (20 hrs.)
KNR 181 – Human anatomy and physiology – I
KNR 182 – Human anatomy and physiology – II
KNR 240 – Principles and applications of fitness
KNR 254 – Social-psychological perspectives of PA
KNR 257 – Motor learning and performance
KNR 280 – Exercise physiology
KNR 282 – Biomechanics of human movement

33. Exercise Science at ISU
Major Course Work (18 hrs.)
KNR 164 – Introduction to exercise science
KNR – Stress management instructional methods
KNR 285 – Resistance training instructional methods
KNR 286 – Group exercise instructional methods
KNR 307 – Exercise in health and disease
KNR 308 – Exercise programming
KNR 309 – Principles & techniques in physiological testing
KNR 310 – Fitness management

34. Exercise Science at ISU
Major Course Work – Professional Practice
KNR – Professional Practice (2 hrs)
general students
pre-professional students
KNR – Seminar in Professional Practice (2 hrs)
KNR – Professional Practice Internship (10 hrs)

35. Exercise Science at ISU (starting in Fall 2014)

36. Exercise Science at ISU
Practical Experience

39. Exercise Science at ISU
Examples of Senior Internship Sites
Steadman-Hawkins Clinic (Vail, Frisco, CO)
Institute for Aerobics Research (Cooper Institute, Dallas TX)
Kennedy Space Center (Orlando, FL)
Sears, Kraft, East Bank Health Clubs
Chicago Bears, Chicago Cubs
US Olympic Training Center (Colorado Springs, CO)
American Heart Association (Dallas, TX, & others)

40. Exercise Science at ISU
Cognate Area (15 hrs.)
Pre-professional (PT, OT, Chiropractic)
Biomechanics
Clinical (diseased populations)
Nutrition
Sport and exercise psychology
Technology
Administration/Business
Aging
Research

43. Disciplinary vs. Professional Concerns
Disciplinary Concerns
Exercise Science Discipline
Development of facts, theories, principles, and laws
Exercise Science Professions
Provides questions, problems, observations, needs, and confirmations
Professional Concerns
Discipline – function is to develop a coherent body of knowledge that describes, explains, and predicts key phenomenon
Profession – function is to improve conditions of society by providing regulated services in accordance with the knowledge available from one or more disciplines