1. USED OIL AND OIL FILTERS CUSTOMIZED ENVIRONMENTAL
TRAINING
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WELCOME 1 1 1 1

2. Insert Instructor Name Here
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3. OBJECTIVES Define Used Oil. Discuss How Used Oil is Recycled.
Discuss the Different Uses for Used Oil.
Explain What Businesses Handle Used Oil.
Discuss the Different Standards for Used Oil.
Explain How to Conserve Oil.
Discuss Records.
Recommend Inspection Items.
Discuss Use of Contractors.
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4. GOALS Understand the Definition of Used Oil.
Understand How Used Oil Can Be Recycled.
Be Familiar With the Different Uses for Used Oil.
Understand What Businesses Handle Used Oil.
Understand the Different Standards for Used Oil.
Understand the Importance of Conserving Oil and Some of the Ways to Conserve Oil.
Be Familiar With Required Records.
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5. BACKGROUND
EPA estimates that of the 1.3 billion gallons of used oil generated annually, less than 60% is recycled.
One pint of oil can produce a slick of approximately 1 acre on the surface of water.
EPA estimates that the largest source of oil pollution fouling the nation’s waters comes from Do-It-Yourself oil changers.
Crankcase oil accounts for 40% of total oil pollution of the nations harbors and waterways.
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6. LEARNERS Supervisors Facility Engineers Maintenance Personnel
Department Managers
Building Occupants
Process Specialists
Environmental and Safety Committees
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7. OVERVIEW
The goal of this course is to provide supervisors with the tools needed to manage used oil. It recommends practical, actions that can be carried out by facility management, maintenance personnel and building occupants. The course will help you to integrate good used oil management activities into your existing organization and identify which of your staff have the necessary skills to carry out those activities.
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8. WHAT THIS COURSE DOES NOT DO
The course is not intended to provide information to start a used oil collection center or how to process or re-refine used oil. These specialties required training beyond the intended scope of this course. Where this expertise is needed, outside assistance should be solicited.
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9. RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT (RCRA)
Congress passed the Used Oil Recycling Act (UORA) in 1980, requiring EPA to address the hazards posed by used oil, and develop a regulatory scheme to ensure proper management and disposal practices.
The provisions of the UORA were incorporated into both the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); however, used oil emerged as a separate issue apart from hazardous waste.
In developing regulations for used oil, EPA has tried to balance the RCRA mandate to protect human health and the environment with the RCRA mandate to conserve resources through used oil recycling.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Congress passed the Used Oil Recycling Act (UORA) in 1980, requiring EPA to address the hazards posed by used oil, and develop a regulatory scheme to ensure proper management and disposal practices.
The provisions of the UORA were incorporated into both the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); however, used oil emerged as a separate issue apart from hazardous waste.
In developing regulations for used oil, EPA has tried to balance the RCRA mandate to protect human health and the environment with the RCRA mandate to conserve resources through used oil recycling.

10. FEDERAL REGULATIONS Pertinent Regulations:
40 CFR Part 266, Subpart E. This used oil program that primarily regulates used oil recycled by being burned for energy recovery.
40 CFT Part 279. This regulation establishes standards for generators, transporters, transfer facilities, collection centers, processors and re-refiners, burners, and marketers. This rule also included provisions for cleanup in the case of a spill or release of used oil.
This training will look at primarily two sections of federal regulations:
The first is 40 CFR Part 266, Subpart E. This used oil program that primarily regulates used oil recycled by being burned for energy recovery.
The second is 40 CFT Part 279. This regulation establishes standards for generators, transporters, transfer facilities, collection centers, processors and re-refiners, burners, and marketers. This rule also included provisions for cleanup in the case of a spill or release of used oil.

11. WHAT IS USED OIL?
EPA's regulatory definition of used oil is as follows:
“Used oil is any oil that has been refined from crude oil or any synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities.”
Simply put, used oil is exactly what its name implies -any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that has been used. During normal use, impurities such as dirt, metal scrapings, water, or chemicals can get mixed in with the oil, so that in time the oil no longer performs well.
Eventually, this used oil must be replaced with virgin or re-refined oil to do the job at hand.
What is Used Oil?
EPA's regulatory definition of used oil is as follows:
Used oil is any oil that has been refined from crude oil or any synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities.
Simply put, used oil is exactly what its name
implies--any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that has been used. During normal use, impurities such as dirt, metal scrapings, water, or chemicals can get mixed in with the oil, so that in time the oil no longer performs well.
Eventually, this used oil must be replaced with virgin or re-refined oil to do the job at hand.

12. OIL MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
EPA's used oil management standards include a three-pronged approach to determine if a substance meets the definition of used oil.
Origin - Used oil must have been refined from crude oil or made from synthetic materials.
Excluded: Animal and vegetable oils are excluded.
2. Use - Oils used as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, buoyants, and for other similar purposes are considered used oil.
Excluded: Unused oil such as bottom clean-out waste from virgin fuel oil storage tanks or virgin fuel oil recovered from a spill, some solvents, antifreeze and kerosene.
Oil Management Standards
EPA's used oil management standards include a
three-pronged approach to determine if a substance meets the definition of used oil. To meet EPA's definition of used oil, a substance must meet each of the following three criteria:
* Origin--the first criterion for identifying used oil is based on the origin of the oil. Used oil must have been refined from crude oil or made from synthetic materials. Animal and vegetable oils are excluded from EPA's definition of used oil.
* Use--the second criterion is based on whether and how the oil is used. Oils used as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, buoyants, and for other similar purposes are considered used oil. Unused oil such as bottom clean-out waste from virgin fuel oil storage tanks or virgin fuel oil recovered from a spill, do not meet EPA's definition of used oil because these oils have never been "used." EPA's definition also excludes products used as cleaning agents or solely for their solvent properties, as well as certain petroleum-derived products like antifreeze and kerosene.

13. OIL MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
3. Contaminants--the third criterion is based on whether or not the oil is contaminated with either physical or chemical impurities. In other words, to meet EPA's definition, used oil must become contaminated as a result of being used. This aspect of EPA's definition includes residues and contaminants generated from handling, storing, and processing used oil. Physical contaminants could include metal shavings, sawdust, or dirt. Chemical contaminants could include solvents, halogens, or saltwater.
Oil Management Standards
3. Contaminants--the third criterion is based on whether or not the oil is contaminated with either physical or chemical impurities. In other words, to meet EPA's definition, used oil must become contaminated as a result of being used. This aspect of EPA's definition includes residues and contaminants generated from handling, storing, and processing used oil. Physical contaminants could include metal shavings, sawdust, or dirt. Chemical contaminants could include solvents, halogens, or saltwater.

14. USED OIL IS: Synthetic oil Engine oil Transmission fluid.
Refrigeration oil.
Compressor oils.
Metalworking fluids and oils.
Laminating oils.
Industrial hydraulic fluid.
Copper and aluminum wire drawing solution.
Electrical insulating oil.
Industrial process oils.
Oils used as buoyants.
This list does not include all types of used oil.
Used Oil Is:
* Synthetic oil--usually derived from coal, shale, or polymer-based starting material.
* Engine oil--typically includes gasoline and diesel engine crankcase oils and piston-engine oils for automobiles, trucks, boats, airplanes, locomotives, and heavy equipment.
* Transmission fluid.
* Refrigeration oil.
* Compressor oils.
* Metalworking fluids and oils.
* Laminating oils.
* Industrial hydraulic fluid.
* Copper and aluminum wire drawing solution.
* Electrical insulating oil.
* Industrial process oils.
* Oils used as buoyants.
This list does not include all types of used oil.

15. USED OIL IS NOT:
Waste oil that is bottom clean-out waste from virgin fuel storage tanks, virgin fuel oil spill cleanups, or other oil wastes that have not actually been used.
Products such as antifreeze and kerosene.
Vegetable and animal oil, even when used as a lubricant.
Petroleum distillates used as solvents.
Oils that do not meet EPA's definition of used oil can still pose a threat to the environment when disposed of and could be subject to the RCRA regulations for hazardous waste management.
Used Oil Is Not:
* Waste oil that is bottom clean-out waste from virgin fuel storage tanks, virgin fuel oil spill cleanups, or other oil wastes that have not actually been used.
* Products such as antifreeze and kerosene.
* Vegetable and animal oil, even when used as a
lubricant.
* Petroleum distillates used as solvents.
Oils that do not meet EPA's definition of used oil can still pose a threat to the environment when disposed of and could be subject to the RCRA regulations for hazardous waste management.

16. USED OIL IS NOT: Wastewater
Wastewaters contaminated with de minimis quantities of used oil are also excluded from the present requirements because these wastewaters are regulated by the Clean Water Act.
De minimis quantities of used oil are small spills, leaks, or drippings from pumps, machinery, pipes, and other similar equipment during normal operations, or when small amounts of oil are lost to the wastewater treatment system during washing or draining.
Any used oil that is recovered from wastewater, however, falls under full regulation as used oil.
Wastewaters contaminated with de minimis quantities of used oil are also excluded from the present requirements because these wastewaters are regulated by the Clean Water Act. De minimis quantities of used oil are small spills, leaks, or drippings from pumps, machinery, pipes, and other similar equipment during normal operations, or when small amounts of oil are lost to the wastewater treatment system during washing or draining. Any used oil that is recovered from wastewater, however, falls under full regulation as used oil.

17. USED OIL IS NOT:
PCBs
Used oils that are contaminated with PCBs in concentration of 50 ppm or greater are subject to regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and are not considered used oil, but must be handled at a PCB waste.
PCBs
Used oils that are contaminated with PCBs in concentration of 50 ppm or greater are subject to regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (Section279.10). EPA believes that the current requirements in TSCA for PCB-contaminated wastes adequately control the management and disposal of used oils containing PCBs.
Therefore, used oil that contains 50 ppm or more of PCBs is not considered used oil, but must be handled at a PCB waste.

18. HOW IS USED OIL RECYCLED?
Once oil has been used, it can be collected, recycled, and used over and over again.
Recycled used oil can sometimes be used again for the same job or can take on a completely different task.
Benefits of Recycling:
Clean Water
Saving A Resource
Saving Money
How is Used Oil Recycled?
Once oil has been used, it can be collected, recycled, and used over and over again. An estimated 380 million gallons of used oil are recycled each year. Recycled used oil can sometimes be used again for the same job or can take on a completely different task.
For example, used motor oil can be re-refined and sold at the store as motor oil or processed for furnace fuel oil. Aluminum rolling oils also can be filtered on site and used over again.
There are three benefits of recycling. First, by recycling oil, you keep it out of rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans. Recycling the motor oil from one oil change protects a million gallons of drinking water, which is a years supply for 50 people.
Second, oil doesn’t wear out, it only gets dirty. By recycling, you can save energy and reduce dependence on foreign oil.
Lastly, recycled oil saves money. The cost of recycling oil is lower than refining virgin crude oil.

19. HOW IS USED OIL RECYCLED?
Reconditioned On Site
If a used oil needs only reconditioning it can often be done on site.
This involves removing impurities from the used oil and then using it again. This usually involves a system of filters.
While this form of recycling might not restore the oil to its original condition, it does prolong its life.
Reconditioned On Site
If a used oil needs only reconditioning it can often be done on site. This involves removing impurities from the used oil and then using it again. This usually involves a system of filters.
While this form of recycling might not restore the oil to its original condition, it does prolong its life.

20. PETROLEUM REFINING Petroleum Refining
If used oil is sent to a refinery, it can be used in one of two ways.
It can be used as feedstock that ends up being re-refined oil or
It can be used as coker to produce gasoline and coke.
Petroleum Refining
If used oil is sent to a refinery, it can be used in one of two ways. It can be used as feedstock that ends up being re-refined oil. Or it can be used as coker to produce gasoline and coke.

21. RE-REFINED OIL
Re-refined involves treating used oil to remove impurities so that it can be used as a base stock for new lubricating oil.
Re-refining prolongs the life of the oil resource indefinitely.
This form of recycling is the preferred option because it closes the recycling loop by reusing the oil to make the same product that it was when it started out, and therefore uses less energy and less virgin oil.
One gallon of used motor oil will yield about 0.7 gallons of re-refined oil.
Re-refining
Re-refined, which involves treating used oil to remove impurities so that it can be used as a base stock for new lubricating oil. Re-refining prolongs the life of the oil resource indefinitely. This form of recycling is the preferred option because it closes the recycling loop by reusing the oil to make the same product that it was when it started out, and therefore uses less energy and less virgin oil.
The Re-refining process involves:
Cleaning away the contaminants such as dirt, water, fuel, and additives, through vacuum distillation.
Then it’s treated to make it suitable for the final product.
Finally, the re-refined oil is combined with fresh additives to make a finished lubricant.
Re-refined oil must meet the same API requirements as virgin oil.
One gallon of used motor oil will yield about 0.7 gallons of re-refined oil.

22. PROCESSED AND BURNED
Involves removing water and particulates so that used oil can be burned as fuel to generate heat or to power industrial operations.
This form of recycling is not as preferable as methods that reuse the material.
Eleven percent of used motor oil collected is used in specially designed space heaters in automotive bays and municipal garages across the nation.
This practice is not recommended for home use. The country's approximately 75,000 space heaters use about 113 million gallons of used oil per year.
Processing and Burning
Processed and burned for energy recovery, which involves removing water and particulates so that used oil can be burned as fuel to generate heat or to power industrial operations. This form of recycling is not as preferable as methods that reuse the material because it only enables the oil to be reused once. Nonetheless, valuable energy is provided (about the same as provided by normal heating oil).
Eleven percent of used motor oil collected is used in specially designed space heaters in automotive bays and municipal garages across the nation. The oil helps these facilities reduce their heating costs, particularly in colder climates. This practice is not recommended for home use. The country's approximately 75,000 space heaters use about 113 million gallons of used oil per year.

23. REPROCESSING
Reprocessing is the most common method of recycling used oil in the U.S. Each year processors treat approximately 750 million gallons of used oil.
Seventy-five percent of used oil is being reprocessed and marketed to:
43% asphalt plants;
14% industrial boilers (factories);
12% utility boilers (electric power plants for schools, homes, etc.);
12% steelmills;
5% cement/lime kilns;
5 % marine boilers (tankers or bunker fuel);
4% pulp and paper mills;
6% other.
Reprocessing is the most common method of recycling used oil in the U.S. Each year processors treat approximately 750 million gallons of used oil. Seventy-five percent of used oil is being reprocessed and marketed to:
43% asphalt plants;
14% industrial boilers (factories);
12% utility boilers (electric power plants for schools, homes, etc.);
12% steelmills;
5% cement/lime kilns;
5 % marine boilers (tankers or bunker fuel);
4% pulp and paper mills;
6% other.

24. RECYCLING OIL IS GOOD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Recycling Used Oil Is Good for the Environment and the Economy--Here's Proof:
Re-refining used oil takes only about one-third the energy of refining crude oil to lubricant quality.
It takes 42 gallons of crude oil, but only one gallon of used oil, to produce 2 quarts of new, high-quality lubricating oil.
One gallon of used oil processed for fuel contains about 140,000 British Thermal Units (BTUs) of energy.
Recycling Used Oil is Good for the Environment and the Economy:
Recycling Used Oil Is Good for the Environment and the Economy--Here's Proof:
* Re-refining used oil takes only about one-third the energy of refining crude oil to lubricant quality.
* It takes 42 gallons of crude oil, but only one gallon of used oil, to produce 2 « quarts of new, high-quality lubricating oil.
* One gallon of used oil processed for fuel contains about 140,000 British Thermal Units (BTUs) of energy.

25. DOES MY BUSINESS HANDLE USED OIL?
Generators
Generators are businesses that handle used oil through commercial or industrial operations or from the maintenance of vehicles and equipment.
Generators are the largest segment of the used oil industry.
Examples of common generators are car repair shops, service stations, quick lube shops, government motor pools, grocery stores, metal working industries, and boat marinas.
Excluded: Farmers who produce less than an average of 25 gallons of used oil per month. Individual’s personal vehicles and equipment.
Does My Business Handle Used Oil?
The following slides describe different types of businesses that handle used oil.
Generators
Generators are businesses that handle used oil through commercial or industrial operations or from the maintenance of vehicles and equipment. Generators are the largest segment of the used oil industry. Examples of common generators are car repair shops, service stations, quick lube shops, government motor pools, grocery stores, metal working industries, and boat marinas. Farmers who produce less than an average of 25 gallons of used oil per month are excluded from generator status. Individuals who generate used oil through the maintenance of their personal vehicles and equipment are not subject to regulation under the used oil management standards.

26. COLLECTION CENTERS Used Oil Collection Centers:
Any site or facility that is registered, licensed, permitted, or recognized by a state, county, or municipal government to manage used oil and accept, aggregate, or store used oil collected from used oil generators.
The used oil generator must deliver the used oil in shipments of 55 gallons or less. Used oil collection centers may also accept used oil from household do-it-yourselfers.
Used Oil Aggregation Points
Any site or facility that accepts, aggregates, or stores used oil collected only from other used oil generation sites owned or operated by the owner or operator of the aggregation point.
COLLECTION CENTERS AND AGGREGATE POINTS
Collection centers and aggregation points are facilities that accept small amounts of used oil and store it until enough is collected to ship it elsewhere for recycling. Collection centers typically accept used oil from multiple sources that include both businesses and individuals. Aggregation points collect oil only from places run by the same owner or operator and from individuals.
Used Oil Collection Centers
The present regulations define a used oil collection center to mean any site or facility that is registered, licensed, permitted, or recognized by a state, county, or municipal government to manage used oil and accept, aggregate, or store used oil collected from used oil generators. The used oil generator must deliver the used oil in shipments of 55 gallons or less. Used oil collection centers may also accept used oil from household do-it-yourselfers.
Used Oil Aggregation Points
A used oil aggregation point means any site or facility that accepts, aggregates, or stores used oil collected only from other used oil generation sites owned or operated by the owner or operator of the aggregation point. The used oil must be transported to the aggregation point in shipments of no more than 55 gallons. Used oil aggregation points may also accept used oil from household do-it-yourselfers.

27. TRANSPORTERS
Transporters are companies that pick up used oil from all sources and deliver it to re-refiners, processors, or burners. Transfer facilities include any structure or area where used oil is held for longer than 24 hours, but not longer than 35 days. Examples of transfer facilities are loading docks and parking areas.
Used oil transporters may consolidate or aggregate used oil for the purposes of transporting and may conduct incidental processing operations that occur during the normal course of transportation (e.g., separating water from used oil that has settled during the aggregation or transportation process). Transporters who otherwise produce used oil-derived products or make these products more amenable for production are considered used oil processors.
Transporters
Transporters are companies that pick up used oil from all sources and deliver it to re-refiners, processors, or burners. Transfer facilities include any structure or area where used oil is held for longer than 24 hours, but not longer than 35 days. Examples of transfer facilities are loading docks and parking areas.
Used oil transporters may consolidate or aggregate used oil for the purposes of transporting and may conduct incidental processing operations that occur during the normal course of transportation (e.g., separating water from used oil that has settled during the aggregation or transportation process). Transporters who otherwise produce used oil-derived products or make these products more amenable for production are considered used oil processors.

28. TRANSPORTERS
Used oil transporters must not only notify EPA of their activities, but must also track their shipments and maintain compliance with the management standards of 40 CFR Part 279, Subpart D. These standards are similar to regulations for hazardous waste transporters in many respects, including a provision for used oil transfer facilities.
Transporters
Used oil transporters must not only notify EPA of their activities, but must also track their shipments and maintain compliance with the management standards of 40 CFR Part 279, Subpart D. These standards are similar to regulations for hazardous waste transporters in many respects, including a provision for used oil transfer facilities.

29. PROCESSORS
Re-refiners and processors are facilities that blend or remove impurities from used oil so that it can be burned for energy recovery or reused.
These operations include but are not limited to blending used oil with virgin petroleum products, blending used oils to meet fuel specification, filtration, simple distillation, chemical or physical separation, and re-refining.
Does not include generators processing used oil generated on-site for use on-site. If transporters or transfer facilities filter oil from oil-bearing transformers before returning it to its original use, they would not be subject to processing standards.
Processors
Re-refiners and processors are facilities that blend or remove impurities from used oil so that it can be burned for energy recovery or reused.
Processing means any chemical or physical operation designed to produce or facilitate the production of fuel oils, lubricants, or other used oil-derived products from used oil.
These operations include but are not limited to blending used oil with virgin petroleum products, blending used oils to meet fuel specification, filtration, simple distillation, chemical or physical separation, and re-refining. Processing, however, does not include generators processing used oil generated on-site for use on-site. If transporters or transfer facilities filter oil from oil-bearing transformers before returning it to its original use, they would not be subject to processing standards.
Included in the processor category are re-refiners who process used oil so that it can be reused in a new product such as a lubricant and recycled again and again. EPA's management standards primarily focus on this group of used oil handlers.

30. BURNERS
EPA’s used oil program only regulates the burning of off-specification used oil.
Off-specification used oil fuel can only be burned in the following three types of devices:
Industrial furnaces
Boilers
Hazardous waste incinerators subject to regulation under Part 264/265, Subpart O.
Prohibits the burning of used oil in non-industrial boilers, including boilers located at single or multifamily residences; etc.
Burners
EPA’s used oil program only regulates the burning of off-specification used oil. Off-specification used oil fuel can only be burned in the following three types of devices:
Industrial furnaces — enclosed devices that use controlled flame combustion to burn used oil or hazardous waste.
Boilers — enclosed devices that use controlled flame combustion to burn used oil or hazardous waste for energy recovery.
Hazardous waste incinerators subject to regulation under Part 264/265, Subpart O.
By limiting the burning of off-specification used oil to these three types of devices, the present program prohibits the burning of used oil in non-industrial boilers, including boilers located at single or multifamily residences; commercial establishments such as hotels, office buildings, or laundries; and institutional establishments such as hospitals, colleges, prisons, or churches.

31. MARKETERS A used oil fuel marketer as any person who either
(1) directs a shipment of off-specification used oil from that facility to a used oil burner, or
(2) first claims that the used oil going to be burned for energy recovery meets the specification requirements.
Used oil marketers can be divided into two categories: those that market off-specification used oil and those that market oil that meets specification. For each category different regulations apply under 40 CFR Part 279, Subpart H.
Marketers
A used oil fuel marketer as any person who either
(1) directs a shipment of off-specification used oil from that facility to a used oil burner, or
(2) first claims that the used oil going to be burned for energy recovery meets the specification requirements.
Used oil marketers can be divided into two categories: those that market off-specification used oil and those that market oil that meets specification. For each category different regulations apply under 40 CFR Part 279, Subpart H.

32. STANDARDS
What Standards Should My Business Follow?
EPA has developed required good housekeeping practices that you must follow. These required practices, are called "management standards."
The standards apply to all used oil handlers, regardless of the amount of the oil they handle. Although different used oil handlers may have specific requirements, the following requirements are common to all types of handlers. These requirements relate to storage, transporting, cleaning up leaks and spills, and record keeping.
What Standards Should My Business Follow?
If your business generates or handles used oil, there are certain good housekeeping practices that you must follow. These required practices, called "management standards," were developed by EPA for businesses that handle used oil. The management standards are common sense, good business practices designed to ensure the safe handling of used oil, to maximize recycling, and to minimize disposal.
The standards apply to all used oil handlers, regardless of the amount of the oil they handle. Although different used oil handlers may have specific requirements, the following requirements are common to all types of handlers. These requirements relate to storage, transporting, cleaning up leaks and spills, and record keeping.

33. STORING OIL
There are no time limitations on storage of used oil; however, if it is stored greater than 1 year and there doesn’t appear to be any definite plan to remove the oil, it may be considered disposal.
Used oil should only be stored in tanks and containers that are not leaking, rusting, deteriorating, or having other defects.
Containers, aboveground tanks, and fill pipes for underground storage tanks (UST) of used oil should be marked with the words "Used Oil."
USTs that store used oil should also comply with the UST general operating requirements.
Storing Oil
There are no time limitations on storage of used oil; however, if it is stored greater than 1 year and there doesn’t appear to be any definite plan to remove the oil, it may be considered disposal. Used oil should only be stored in tanks and containers that are not leaking, rusting, deteriorating, or having other defects. Used oil containers and aboveground tanks should be stored on a surface that does not allow used oil to seep through, such as cement or asphalt. Containers, aboveground tanks, and fill pipes for underground storage tanks (UST) of used oil should be marked with the words "Used Oil." USTs that store used oil should also comply with the UST general operating requirements.

34. STORAGE
Never store used oil in anything other than tanks and storage containers. Used oil may also be stored in units that are permitted to store regulated hazardous waste.
Tanks and containers storing used oil do not need to be RCRA permitted, however, as long as they are labeled and in good condition.
Storage of used oil in lagoons, pits, or surface impoundments that are not permitted under RCRA is prohibited.
Storage
Never store used oil in anything other than tanks and storage containers. Used oil may also be stored in units that are permitted to store regulated hazardous waste. Tanks and containers storing used oil do not need to be RCRA permitted, however, as long as they are labeled and in good condition. Storage of used oil in lagoons, pits, or surface impoundments that are not permitted under RCRA is prohibited.

35. TRANSPORTING
All shipments of used oil in quantities greater than 55 gallons are transported off-site only by transporters who have an EPA identification number.
Used oil generators may transport, in their own vehicles, up to 55 gallons of used oil, that is either generated on-site or collected from Do-It-Yourself (DIY) used oil generators, to a DIY used oil collection center, used oil collection center, or aggregation point (e.g., one that is licensed or recognized by a state or municipal government to manage used oil or solid waste).
A used oil generator is not required to obtain an EPA identification number for this off-site transportation activity.
Transporting Used Oil
Off-site transport. Used oil generators are required to ensure that all shipments of used oil in quantities greater than 55 gallons are transported off-site only by transporters who have an EPA identification number. Used oil generators may transport, in their own vehicles, up to 55 gallons of used oil, that is either generated on-site or collected from Do-It-Yourself (DIY) used oil generators, to a DIY used oil collection center, used oil collection center, or aggregation point (e.g., one that is licensed or recognized by a state or municipal government to manage used oil or solid waste).
A used oil generator is not required to obtain an EPA identification number for this off-site transportation activity. A generator may also self-transport up to 55 gallons of used oil, in the generator's own vehicle, to an aggregation point owned by the used oil generator without obtaining an EPA identification number. EPA selected 55 gallons as a cut off quantity because that is the size of one drum. Also, EPA feels that any quantity of used oil less than 55 gallons cannot be economically collected and transported by a used oil transporter.

36. OIL LEAKS AND SPILLS
Take steps to prevent leaks and spills. Keep machinery, equipment containers, and tanks in good working condition and be careful when transferring used oil. Have absorbent materials available on site.
If a spill or leak occurs, stop the oil from flowing at the source. If a leak from a container or tank can't be stopped, put the oil in another holding container or tank.
Contain spilled oil.
Oil Leaks and Spills
* Take steps to prevent leaks and spills. Keep machinery, equipment containers, and tanks in good working condition and be careful when transferring used oil. Have absorbent materials available on site.
* If a spill or leak occurs, stop the oil from flowing at the source. If a leak from a container or tank can't be stopped, put the oil in another holding container or tank.
* Contain spilled oil. For example, containment can be accomplished by erecting absorbent berms or by spreading a absorbent over the oil and surrounding area.

37. OIL LEAKS AND SPILLS
Clean up the oil and recycle the used oil as you would have before it was spilled. If recycling is not possible, you first must make sure the used oil is not a hazardous waste and dispose of it appropriately. All used cleanup materials, from rags to absorbent booms, that contain free-flowing used oil also must be handled according to the used oil management standards.
If you are a used oil handler, you should become familiar with these cleanup methods. They may also be part of a spill response action plan.
Remove, repair, or replace the defective tank or container immediately.
Oil Leaks and Spills
Clean up the oil and recycle the used oil as you would have before it was spilled. If recycling is not possible, you first must make sure the used oil is not a hazardous waste and dispose of it appropriately. All used cleanup materials, from rags to absorbent booms, that contain free-flowing used oil also must be handled according to the used oil management standards. Remember, all leaked and spilled oil collected during cleanup must be handled as used oil.
If you are a used oil handler, you should become familiar with these cleanup methods. They may also be part of a spill response action plan.
* Remove, repair, or replace the defective tank or container immediately.

38. STANDARDS FOR BURNING
Off-specification used oil can only be burned for energy recovery in industrial and utility boilers, industrial furnaces, used oil-fired space heaters, and hazardous waste incinerators.
Used oil is considered to be off-specification if it has a flash point below 100 degrees Fahrenheit, or contains more than the allowable levels of any of certain constituents:
- Arsenic 5 ppm maximum
- Cadmium 2 ppm maximum
- Chromium 10 ppm maximum
- Lead ppm maximum
- Total Halogens 4,000 ppm maximum
Off-Specification Oil
Off-specification used oil can only be burned for energy recovery in industrial and utility boilers, industrial furnaces, used oil-fired space heaters, and hazardous waste incinerators.
Used oil is considered to be off-specification if it has a flash point below 100 degrees Fahrenheit, or contains more than the allowable levels of any of certain constituents.
The following lists the allowable levels of constituents in used oil. Used oil exceeding any of these levels is considered off-specification.
Constituent Allowable Level
Arsenic 5 ppm maximum
Cadmium 2 ppm maximum
Chromium ppm maximum
Lead ppm maximum
Total Halogens 4,000 ppm maximum

39. STANDARDS FOR BURNING
Used oil can be burned in oil fired space heaters if:
The heater burns only used oil generated on site or from a household "do it yourselfer,"
The heater has a maximum capacity of 0.5 million British thermal units per hour
The combustion gases are vented directly to the outside air.
Check with your Air Pollution Control District if there are any other restrictions.
If used oil is within specifications, then used oil can be burned in oil fired space heaters if:
the heater burns only used oil generated on site or from a household "do it yourselfer,"
the heater has a maximum capacity of 0.5 million British thermal units per hour
the combustion gases are vented directly to the outside air.
Check with your Air Pollution Control District if there are any other restrictions.

40. STANDARDS FOR BURNING
Burners of used oil that meets a certain set of quality standards called the used oil specifications are not regulated under the used oil management standards, as long as the used oil is burned in appropriate boilers, furnaces, or incinerators.
Know and understand your state regulations governing the management of used oil they might be stricter than EPA's.
Contact your state or local environmental agency to determine your best course of action.
Burners of used oil that meets a certain set of quality standards called the used oil specifications are not regulated under the used oil management standards, as long as the used oil is burned in appropriate boilers, furnaces, or incinerators.
Know and understand your state regulations governing the management of used oil they might be stricter than EPA's.
Contact your state or local environ-mental agency to determine your best course of action.

41. BLENDING
Blending used oil to meet specification is permitted, since EPA believes blended oil poses no greater hazard than dirty virgin fuel oil.
Used oil with over 1,000 ppm total halogens, however, may not be blended to lower the halogen level.
A used oil handler blending used oil for purposes of meeting specification would be subject to the processor and re-refiner regulations in 40 CFR Part 279, Subpart F.
BLENDING
Blending used oil to meet specification is permitted, since EPA believes blended oil poses no greater hazard than dirty virgin fuel oil. Used oil with over 1,000 ppm total halogens, however, may not be blended to lower the halogen level below 1,000 ppm in order to apply the rebuttable presumption and call it nonhazardous; the rebuttable presumption must be applied to the used oil before it is blended with other materials.
A used oil handler blending used oil for purposes of meeting specification would be subject to the processor and re-refiner regulations in 40 CFR Part 279, Subpart F.

42. MIXING USED OIL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
If used oil is contaminated with hazardous waste, manage it as a hazardous waste.
Hazardous waste disposal is a lengthy, costly, and strict regulatory process.
The only way to be sure your used oil does not become contaminated with hazardous waste is to store it separately from all solvents and chemicals and not to mix it with anything.
Mixing Used Oil and Hazardous Waste
In addition to EPA's used oil management standards, your business may be required to comply with federal and state hazardous waste regulations if your used oil becomes contaminated from mixing it with hazardous waste. If used oil is mixed with hazardous waste, it probably will have to be managed as a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste disposal is a lengthy, costly, and strict regulatory process. The only way to be sure your used oil does not become contaminated with hazardous waste is to store it separately from all solvents and chemicals and not to mix it with anything. If you believe your used oil might be mixed with a hazardous waste, call the RCRA Hotline at Hotline representatives can answer most of your questions or direct you to appropriate state environmental offices.

43. MIXING USED OIL AND NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
Mixing used oil with other non-hazardous wastes, such as wastewater or solvent, may make management of the mixture more complicated.
These mixtures are regulated under both the used oil regulations and solid waste regulations.
A receiving facility which accepts used oil for recycling may not have permits to accept other solid wastes.
Mixing used oil and other waste may make disposal of the mixture more difficult and more expensive.
Mixing Used Oil and Non-hazardous Waste
Mixing used oil with other non-hazardous wastes, such as wastewater or solvent, may make management of the mixture more complicated. Generally, these mixtures are regulated under both the used oil regulations and solid waste regulations. A receiving facility which accepts used oil for recycling may not have permits to accept other solid wastes. Mixing used oil and other waste may make disposal of the mixture more difficult and more expensive.

44. AVOIDING COSTLY CLEANUPS
How Can My Business Avoid Costly Cleanups?
Prevention of spills by installing good housekeeping practices is the best way to avoid costly cleanup.
Regular inspections and employee training will also minimize cleanup costs.
If a spill does occur, protect storm drains with spill absorbent mats.
Confine spills to concrete or other pavement.
For small spills, surround the spill with absorbent socks or absorbent material and then pick up and properly dispose.
How Can My Business Avoid Costly Cleanups?
Prevention of spills by installing good housekeeping practices is the best way to avoid costly cleanup.
Regular inspections and employee training will also minimize cleanup costs.
If a spill does occur, the first defensive measure is to protect storm drains. You can cover storm drains with a spill absorbent mat for small spills.
Secondly, try to confine spills to concrete or other pavement. Use absorbent socks and build a dike around the spill to prevent oil from entering the storm drain.
For small spills, surround the spill with absorbent socks or absorbent material and then pick up and properly dispose.

45. RECOMMENDED CLEANUP PRACTICES
EPA recommends, but does not require, the following cleanup practices for used oil handlers:
(1) maximize the recovery of used oil;
(2) minimize the generation of used oil sorbent waste by choosing reusable sorbent materials;
(3) use the spent sorbent materials to produce recycled
(4) buy sorbent materials with recycled content.
Recommended Cleanup Practices
EPA recommends, but does not require, the following cleanup practices for used oil handlers: (1) maximize the recovery of used oil;
(2) minimize the generation of used oil sorbent waste by choosing reusable sorbent materials;
(3) use the spent sorbent materials to produce recycledand
4) buy sorbent materials withrecycled content.

46. RECOMMENDED CLEANUP PRACTICES
Extraction devices (e.g., centrifuges, wringers, and compactors) can be used to recover used oil from reusable sorbent materials. Sorbent pads can be reused between two and eight times depending on the viscosity of the used oil.
These technologies, while not required, can be used to reduce the number of sorbent pads ultimately sent for remanufacture, energy recovery, or disposal. The potential to reduce waste and save money (i.e., lower disposal costs for spent pads and lower per use cost of sorbent pads) by reusing and recycling sorbent pads can be substantial.
Extraction devices (e.g., centrifuges, wringers, and compactors) can be used to recover used oil from reusable sorbent materials. Sorbent pads can be reused between two and eight times depending on the viscosity of the used oil.
These technologies, while not required, can be used to reduce the number of sorbent pads ultimately sent for remanufacture, energy recovery, or disposal. The potential to reduce waste and save money (i.e., lower disposal costs for spent pads and lower per use cost of sorbent pads) by reusing and recycling sorbent pads can be substantial.

47. RECOMMENDED CLEANUP PRACTICES
Managing Cleanup Materials
If you have used oil on rags or other sorbent materials from cleaning up a leak or spill, you should remove as much of the free-flowing oil as possible and manage the oil as you would have before it spilled.
Once the free-flowing used oil has been removed from these materials, they are not considered used oil and may be managed as solid waste as long as they do not exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic.
Managing Cleanup Materials
If you have used oil on rags or other sorbent materials from cleaning up a leak or spill, you should remove as much of the free-flowing oil as possible and manage the oil as you would have before it spilled.
Once the free-flowing used oil has been removed from these materials, they are not considered used oil and may be managed as solid waste as long as they do not exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic.
Note, however, that materials from which used oil has been removed continue to be regulated as used oil if they are to be burned for energy recovery (regardless of the degree of removal).

48. CONSERVING OIL What Can My Business Do to Conserve Oil?
Minimize the amount of used oil you produce. Businesses can filter, separate, and recondition used oil to prolong its usable life.
Purchase re-refined used oil products instead of virgin oil products. Products that display the American Petroleum Institute (API) "starburst" meet the same high-quality specifications as virgin oil.
Practice safe management of used oil. Don't mix used oil with anything. Always store used oil in leak-proof containers that are in secure areas safely away from workers and the environment. Send used oil to a re-refiner whenever possible.
What Can My Business Do to Conserve Oil?
* Minimize the amount of used oil you produce. The less used oil that is produced in the first place, the less that ultimately has to be handled. Businesses can filter, separate, and recondition used oil to prolong its usable life.
* Purchase re-refined used oil products instead of virgin oil products. Re-refined oil works just as well as virgin oil. Products that display the American Petroleum Institute (API) "starburst" meet the same high-quality specifications as virgin oil.
* Practice safe management of used oil. Don't mix used oil with anything. Always store used oil in leak-proof containers that are in secure areas safely away from workers and the environment. Send used oil to a re-refiner whenever possible.

49. CONSERVING OIL
Reducing the amount of used oil that you generate is an important pollution prevention (P2) measure.
Use longer lasting synthetic oils to minimize the amount of used oil and used oil filters generated.
Reduce the amount of virgin oil purchased by reconditioning and then reusing used oil.
Manage used oil safely. Do not mix it with other materials. Store the oil in leak proof containers and tanks in secure areas away from workers and the environment. Label all containers of used oil and other wastes to avoid inadvertent mixing.
Use reusable oil filters.
Recycle used oil filters.
Reducing the amount of used oil that you generate is an important pollution prevention (P2) measure. In addition to environmental protection, P2 can reduce operating costs and improve efficiency. The following tips can help you reduce the amount of used oil you generate:
Use longer lasting synthetic oils to minimize the amount of used oil and used oil filters generated.
Reduce the amount of virgin oil purchased by reconditioning and then reusing used oil.
Manage used oil safely. Do not mix it with other materials. Store the oil in leakproof containers and tanks in secure areas away from workers and the environment. Label all containers of used oil and other wastes to avoid inadvertent mixing.
Use reusable oil filters.
Recycle used oil filters. Although properly drained used oil filters can be disposed of as general refuse, it is recommended that these filters be recycled to reduce the amount of used oil that is ultimately landfilled.

50. DUST SUPPRESSANT
In the past, used oil has been used as a dust suppressant on roads. This practice is now prohibited except in a few states where the practice is tightly regulated to a few instances.
Used Oil Used as a Dust Suppressant
In the past, used oil has been used as a dust suppressant on roads. This practice is now prohibited except in a few states where the practice is tightly regulated to a few instances.

51. USED OIL FILTERS
How Should My Business Manage Used Oil Filters?
The Filter Manufacturers' Council maintains a regulatory hotline and database to encourage the proper management of used oil filters. By calling the hotline at FILTER, you can access the proper management requirements for your particular states. The database contains:
Overviews of federal and state regulations relevant to the management of oil filters.
Addresses and phone numbers of the regulatory agencies governing the management of used filters in each state.
A listing of companies, by state, that transport, process, and recycle used filters.
How Should My Business Manage Used Oil Filters?
The Filter Manufacturers' Council maintains a regulatory hotline and database to encourage the proper management of used oil filters. By calling the hotline at FILTER, you can access the proper management requirements for your particular states. The database contains:
* Overviews of federal and state regulations relevant to the management of oil filters.
* Addresses and phone numbers of the regulatory agencies governing the management of used filters in each state.
* A listing of companies, by state, that transport, process, and recycle used filters.

52. USED OIL FILTERS
Non-terne plated used oil filters are not hazardous waste and can be disposed of as general refuse if they are properly drained. Terne is an alloy of tin and lead. Terne-plated filters may be hazardous waste because of their lead content.
Draining used oil from your filters can be performed using one of the following methods:
Puncturing the filter anti-drain back-valve contained in most automotive oil filters or the filter dome, and then hot draining; the anti-drain back-valve consists of a rubber flap that creates a vacuum to prevent oil from draining back into the engine
Hot draining and crushing
Dismantling and hot draining
Non-terne plated used oil filters are not hazardous waste and can be disposed of as general refuse if they are properly drained. Terne is an alloy of tin and lead. Terne-plated filters may be hazardous waste because of their lead content. If you generate terne-plated filters, they may be subject to testing and other hazardous waste determination requirements. Contact the Office of Small Business for more information on managing terne-plated filters.
Draining used oil from your filters can be performed using one of the following methods:
Puncturing the filter antidrain back-valve contained in most automotive oil filters or the filter dome, and then hot draining; the antidrain back-valve consists of a rubber flap that creates a vacuum to prevent oil from draining back into the engine
Hot draining and crushing
Dismantling and hot draining
Any other equivalent draining method that will remove the used oil such as pressurized air draining.
Used oil drained from filters can be combined with other used oil and managed as discussed earlier in this fact sheet.ear the engine's
The drained filters should be placed in covered dumpsters or containers that prevent rain infiltration. In addition, the dumpsters or containers should be capable of holding any residual used oil that may escape from the filter.

53. RECORDKEEPING
EPA uses 12-digit identification (ID) numbers to track used oil. Transporters hauling used oil must have a valid EPA ID number, and generators, collection centers, and aggregation points must use transporters with EPA ID numbers for shipping used oil off site. If you need an ID number, contact your EPA regional office or your state director.(You also can call the RCRA Hotline for more information.)
Generators, collection centers, aggregation points, and any handler that transports used oil in shipments of less than 55 gallons do not need an ID number, but may need a state or local permit.
Record Keeping
EPA uses 12-digit identification (ID) numbers to track used oil. Transporters hauling used oil must have a valid EPA ID number, and generators, collection centers, and aggregation points must use transporters with EPA ID numbers for shipping used oil off site. If you need an ID number, contact your EPA regional office or your state director.(You also can call the RCRA Hotline for more information.)
Generators, collection centers, aggregation points, and any handler that transports used oil in shipments of less than 55 gallons do not need an ID number, but may need a state or local permit.

54. RECORDKEEPING
Used oil transporters, processors, burners, and marketers also must record each acceptance and delivery of used oil shipments. Records can take the form of a log, invoice, or other shipping document and must be maintained for three years. Re-refiners, processors, transfer facilities, and burners must have secondary containment systems (e.g., oil-impervious dike, berm, or retaining wall and a floor) so that oil can not reach the environment in the event of a leak or spill. EPA also encourages generators to use a secondary containment system to prevent used oil from contaminating the environment.
Record Keeping
Used oil transporters, processors, burners, and
marketers also must record each acceptance and delivery of used oil shipments. Records can take the form of a log, invoice, or other shipping document and must be maintained for three years. Re-refiners, processors, transfer facilities, and burners must have secondary containment systems (e.g., oil-impervious dike, berm, or retaining wall and a floor) so that oil can not reach the environment in the event of a leak or spill. EPA also encourages generators to use a secondary containment system to prevent used oil from contaminating the environment.

55. RECOMMENDED INSPECTION ITEMS
Determine if used oil is generated and if it is off specifications or not.
Verify that used oil is not used for dust suppression.
Determine if used oil fuel is burned at your facility for energy recovery. If so, is it within specifications or is it off specifications.
If off specification used oil is burned, is it burned in an approved industrial furnace, boiler or hazardous waste incinerator?
The following are recommended checklist items for your UST’s daily inspection:
Determine if used oil is generated and if it is off specifications or not.
Verify that used oil is not used for dust suppression.
Determine if used oil fuel is burned at your facility for energy recovery. If so, is it within specifications or is it off specifications.
If off specification used oil is burned, is it burned in an approved industrial furnace, boiler or hazardous waste incinerator?

56. RECOMMENDED INSPECTION ITEMS
5. Verify that used oil is not managed in surface impoundments or waste piles.
6. Verify that when a release is detected, the following is done:
- the release is stopped
- the released is contained (especially before entering storm water drains)
- the oil is cleaned up properly and the managed properly
- repairs and replacement of any leaking storage containers or tanks takes place prior to returning them to service.
5. Verify that used oil is not managed in surface impoundments or waste piles.
6. Verify that when a release is detected, the following is done:
- the release is stopped
- the released is contained (especially before entering storm water drains)
- the oil is cleaned up properly and the managed properly
- repairs and replacement of any leaking storage containers or tanks takes place prior to returning them to service.

57. RECOMMENDED INSPECTION ITEMS
7. Determine if used oil is used in oil-fired space heaters. If so, is the oil within specifications and is the combustion gases from the heater vented to the outside ambient air?
8. If more than 55 gallons of used oil is transported, does the transporter have an EPA ID number?
9. Does the used oil transporter have a tracking mechanism (e.g. logs, manifests, etc.)?
10. Verify that the used oil is not mixed with hazardous waste or solid waste.
7. Determine if used oil is used in oil-fired space heaters. If so, is the oil within specifications and is the combustion gases from the heater vented to the outside ambient air?
8. If more than 55 gallons of used oil is transported, does the transporter have an EPA ID number?
9. Does the used oil transporter have a tracking mechanism (e.g. logs, manifests, etc.)?
10. Verify that the used oil is not mixed with hazardous waste or solid waste.

58. RECOMMENDED INSPECTION ITEMS
11. Verify that used oil containers and tanks are not leaking, bulging, rusting, damaged or dented.
12. Verify that containers, above ground storage tanks and fill pipes used to transfer used oil are clearly marked with the phrase “Used Oil.”
11. Verify that used oil containers and tanks are not leaking, bulging, rusting, damaged or dented.
12. Verify that containers, above ground storage tanks and fill pipes used to transfer used oil are clearly marked with the phrase “Used Oil.”

59. TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS
Remember, You Control Your Facility or Area!
Review Procedures With Them Before Starting the Job!
Ensure They Are Properly Trained!
Determine Their Environmental Compliance Record!
Determine Who Is in Charge of Their People!
Determine How They Will Affect Your Facility’s Environmental Compliance!
Remember, You Control Your Facility or Area! Do not let contractors violate the law on your property. Take time to review procedures with them before they begin the job. Ensure they are properly trained and know how to follow your businesses Best Management Practices.
Before you hire them, investigate their environmental compliance record. Enforcement agencies normally will disclose violators. Before the job begins, find out who is in charge and hold them accountable for maintaining environmental compliance. Before any job begins, determine how the work will affect your facility’s environmental compliance! 88
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60. ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL
USED OIL PROGRAM
DETAILED WRITTEN USED OIL INSPECTION GUIDELINES.
2. DETAILED WRITTEN USED OIL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.
3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS
4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING
5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION
6. PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP
A Successful Used Oil Program takes work. A successful program incorporates these elements:
DETAILED WRITTEN USED OIL INSPECTION GUIDELINES.
2. DETAILED WRITTEN USED OIL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.
3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS
4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING
5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION
6. PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP 89
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61. THE IMPORTANCE OF A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT
“I would ask all of us to remember that protecting our environment is about protecting where we live and how we live. Let us join together to protect our health, our economy, and our communities -- so all of us and our children and our grandchildren can enjoy a healthy and a prosperous life.”
Carol Browner Former EPA Administrator
In closing, it is important to remember the words of Carol Browner, EPA Administrator during the Clinton Administration. She said:
“I would ask all of us to remember that protecting our environment is about protecting where we live and how we live. Let us join together to protect our health, our economy, and our communities -- so all of us and our children and our grandchildren can enjoy a healthy and a prosperous life.” 90 84
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