1. TAXONOMY Presentation made by: sakura023

2. Need to Classify

3. Classification of Taxonomy 2 million species of living organisms have been named and classified 2 million species of living organisms have been named and classified Latest actual number of species is close around 8.7 million species Latest actual number of species is close around 8.7 million species 86% = land species 91% = marine species 86% = land species 91% = marine species Remains Undiscovered

4. Taxonomy is a field of biology that deals with the process of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms is a field of biology that deals with the process of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms term derived from Greek word taxis which means “arrangement”, and nomos which means “laws” term derived from Greek word taxis which means “arrangement”, and nomos which means “laws” is a law that govern the arrangement of organisms is a law that govern the arrangement of organisms subdivision of systematics subdivision of systematics Systematics- study of biological diversity and its evolution Systematics- study of biological diversity and its evolution

5. Taxonomy Biology- pertains to plants and animals Common name- name of an animal in its locality Scientific name- name given by scientists - gives a distinct identity to a particular organism - universal understanding Homo sapiens- scientific name of human Latin- is a dead language; unchanging

6. Taxonomy Carolous Linnaeus (Swedish name)/ Carl Von Linnaen (French name)- Father of Modern Taxonomy Aristotle- Father Biology

7. Naming Organisms Taxonomists- name organisms by assigning them with scientific names that are made up of two Latinized words—genus and species— which are usually based on the characteristics of the organism or the location where the organism was 1 st found Naming organisms is by grouping them first

8. Grouping Organisms by classifying living things in a meaningful way by looking for physical characteristics that are common or different among organisms Modern taxonomy uses DNA sequences and types of proteins produced by organisms to identify the similarities or difference between species

9. Classifying Organisms explains the great diversity of life on Earth and how organisms are related to each other

10. System of Classification

12. Classification of Organisms based on a set of criteria PRIMEVAL SYSTEM- was developed based on “harmful” and “nonharmful” organisms or edible and nonedible plants.

13. Aristotle, Father of Biology He classified organisms into those with red blood and those without sometime during 300 B.C. He subdivided plants by physical characteristics such as size and features The crude system lasted for 2 000 years

14. Classification Based on Typological Species Concept Modern taxonomy- work of Carolous Linnaeus during 18 th century 1735- Linnaeus published his influential book entitled Systema Naturae in which he outlined his scheme of classifying all known and unknown organisms to the greater or lesser extent of their similarities

15. Carolus Linnaeus Father of Modern Taxonomy Discovered Modern Taxonomy during 18 th century Systema Naturae- a book by Linnaeus that was published in 1735. He outlined his scheme of classifying all known and unknown organisms according to greater or lesser extent of their similarities

16. Carolus Linnaeus He developed a system of classification with heirarchical categories based from the organism’s morphological(physical) and behavioral characteristics. He assigned organisms into groups within groups within groups, on and on until an organism is defined within its own species or individual group

17. Linneaen System of Classification was widely accepted during the 19 th century and is still the basic framework for all taxonomy in the biological sciences today

18. Linnaean System of Classification Kingdom- is the highest category or level in the Linnaean system - organism are distinguished on the basis cellular organization (whether single- or multiple-celled organisms) and the methods of nutrition (whether they absorbed, ingest, or produce their own food Phyla (Singular: Phylum) - for animal or Divisons- for plants

19. Linnaean System of Classification Kingdoms Phyla/Divisions Class Order Family Genus Species Species- is the most specific unit of classification and the basic unit of identification

20. Linnaean System of Classification

21. Species Genus Family Orders Class Phyla/Divisions Kingdom is the highest category or level in the Linnaean system

22. Species Sapiens Genus Homo Family Hominidae Orders Primata Class Mammalia Phyla/Divisions Chordata Kingdom Animalia

24. Classification Based on the Biological Species Concept 1930s-1940s – 2 evolutionary biologists, Ernst Mayr and Theodosius Dobzhandsky, proposed a definition of the term species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in the natural environment. Now known as biological species concept

25. Classification Based on the Phylogenetic Species Concept Phylogeny- is defined as the evolutionary history of a certain species. Phylogenetic Species System of Classification- believed that classifying organisms should not only rely on showing the relationships of organisms based on the physical similarities and differences but also based on their ancestry and descent Charles Darwin, Jean-Baptiste, Ernst Mayr- advocated the concept of classification

26. Evolution- a change in the gene pool of a population over time. Phylogenetic Systematics- is the field of taxonomy(or biology, in general) that deals with identifying the evolutionary relationships among the many different kinds of life on Earth, both living (extant) and dead (extinct). Phylogeny- the historical relationships among organisms.

27. On the Origin of Species- is a book of Charles Darwin - The tree of life was proposed - Charles Darwin used the tree as an analogy to demonstrate that all of the species originated from one or two species reside at the bottom of the tree with branches containing related species and the tips of twigs to show the individual living species.

28. Molecular phylogenetics- is a branch of biology that studies the relationship of organisms based on their DNA and protein compositions by the use of computer algorithms. Phylogenetic tree- is an illustration or a diagram used to visually present the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.