1. John Basbagill Integrating Life Cycle Assessment into Early Stage Building Design November 27, 2012

3. Agenda Design Problem 1 Method 2 Results 3 4 Conclusions 5 Research Question 2 of 21

4. Research Question How can BIM-enabled life cycle environmental impact feedback help designers understand which design choices contribute to a building’s carbon footprint? 3 of 21 1

5. Scope 4 of 21 1

6. 3: Cost Pre- operational CO 2 e Energy simulation MRR Schedule Pre- operational cost Operational CO 2 e Operational cost Life-cycle CO 2 e Life-cycle cost Feedback processor MDO Sensitivity analysis Design space characterization 1 23 41,4 25 5 6 1 = DProfiler 2 = Athena, SimaPro 3 = eQUEST 4 = CostLab 5 = Excel 6 = ModelCenter Software Implementation Key Building information model 1 Method 2: Operational 1: Embodied Research Phases 5 of 21 2

7. 3 Design Problem SCOPE Housing buildings OBJECTIVE Provide LCA feedback on design choices CONSTRAINTS (1)Gross floor area (2)Location (1)Number of buildings (2)Orientation (3)Number of stories (4)Footprint (5)WWR (6)Materials (7)Building component sizing 5.81E21 VARIABLES DESIGN SPACE SIZE 6 of 21

8. (1)Number of buildings: 3 or 4 VARIABLES (3) Number of stories: 5, 6, 7, or 8 (2) Orientation: 0-360° (4) Building footprint: H-shape Design Problem (6) Materials (7) Building component dimensional sizes 3 (5) Window-to-wall ratio (WWR) 7 of 21

9. (1)Number of buildings: 3 or 4 VARIABLES (3) Number of stories: 5, 6, 7, or 8 (2) Orientation: 0-360° (4) Building footprint: H-shape Design Problem (6) Materials (7) Building component dimensional sizes 3 (5) Window-to-wall ratio (WWR) WWR = 0.15 8 of 21

10. (1)Number of buildings: 3 or 4 VARIABLES (3) Number of stories: 5, 6, 7, or 8 (2) Orientation: 0-360° (4) Building footprint: H-shape Design Problem (6) Materials (7) Building component dimensional sizes 3 (5) Window-to-wall ratio (WWR) WWR = 0.50 9 of 21

11. (1)Number of buildings: 3 or 4 VARIABLES (3) Number of stories: 5, 6, 7, or 8 (2) Orientation (4) Building footprint: H-shape Design Problem (6) Materials (7) Building component dimensional sizes 3 (5) Window-to-wall ratio (WWR) Cladding (7) Substructure (2) Partitions (5) Flooring surface (8) Floor structure (12) Column and beams (10) Window assembly (5) Wall structure (6) Wall finishes (2) Roof (50) Mechanical system Roof assembly Stairs Doors MATERIALS (# CHOICES) Cladding Flooring surface Ceiling Wall finishes Substructure Window assembly Mechanical system Electrical system Plumbing system THICKNESSES (2 CHOICES EACH) Basbagill J, Flager F, Lepech M, Fischer M. Application of life cycle assessment to early stage building design for reduced embodied environmental impacts. Building and Environment 2012 (in publication). 10 of 21

12. 3 Design space characterization PROCESSING SOFTWARE ModelCenter VARIABLES Discrete: 22 Continuous: 1 10,000 Orthogonal array: 9,409 Latin hypercube: 591 5.81E21 23! DESIGN SPACE SIZE DECISION SEQUENCES NUMBER OF RUNS SAMPLING ALGORITHM 11 of 21 Pre- operational CO 2 e Energy simulation MRR Schedule Pre- operational cost Operational CO 2 e Operational cost Life-cycle CO 2 e Life-cycle cost Feedback processor MDO Sensitivity analysis Design space characterization 1 23 41,4 25 5 6 Building information model 1

13. 4 Results Probability (%) Impact (kg CO 2 e) 150,000260,000200,000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Impact Distributions 18 DECISIONS REMAINING DECISIONS MADE Number of buildings Number of floors Orientation WWR Shape Materials Size Total Impact 1. Orientation = 323 to 356° POSSIBLE VALUES 0-360° Orientation = 323 to 356° SUB-DECISIONS CURRENT DECISION Orientation = 323 to 356° n/a KEY 12 of 21

14. 4 Results Probability (%) Impact (kg CO 2 e) 150,000260,000200,000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Impact Distributions 18 DECISIONS REMAINING DECISIONS MADE Number of buildings Number of floors Orientation WWR Shape Materials Size Total Impact 1. Cladding material = steel POSSIBLE VALUES Cladding material = steel SUB-DECISIONS CURRENT DECISION Cladding material = steel cladding substructure partitions floor surface floor structure columns & beams windows walls structure wall finishes roof steel, vinyl, stucco, brick, wood, limestone, concrete Cladding material = vinyl KEY 13 of 21

15. 4 Results Probability (%) Impact (kg CO 2 e) 150,000260,000200,000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Impact Distributions 18 DECISIONS REMAINING DECISIONS MADE Number of buildings Number of floors Orientation WWR Shape Materials Size Total Impact 1. Number of floors = 6 POSSIBLE VALUES KEY Number of floors = 5 SUB-DECISIONS CURRENT DECISION Number of floors =6 Number of floors = 6 n/a 5, 6, 7, 8 Number of floors = 7 Number of floors = 8 14 of 21

16. 4 Results Probability (%) Impact (kg CO 2 e) 150,000260,000200,000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Impact Distributions 18 DECISIONS REMAINING DECISIONS MADE Number of buildings Number of floors Orientation WWR Shape Materials Size Total Impact 1. Number of floors = 6 POSSIBLE VALUES KEY SUB-DECISIONS CURRENT DECISION Number of floors =6 Number of floors = 6 n/a 5, 6, 7, 8 15 of 21

17. 4 Results Probability (%) Impact (kg CO 2 e) 150,000260,000200,000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Impact Distributions 18 DECISIONS REMAINING DECISIONS MADE Number of buildings Number of floors Orientation WWR Shape Materials Size Total Impact 1. Number of floors = 6 POSSIBLE VALUES KEY SUB-DECISIONS CURRENT DECISION Orientation =323 to 346° Number of floors = 6 n/a 0-360° Orientation = 323 to 346° 2. Orientation = 323 to 346° 16 of 21

18. 4 Results Probability (%) Impact (kg CO 2 e) 150,000260,000200,000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Impact Distributions 18 DECISIONS REMAINING DECISIONS MADE Number of buildings Number of floors Orientation WWR Shape Materials Size Total Impact 1. Number of floors = 6 POSSIBLE VALUES KEY SUB-DECISIONS CURRENT DECISION Cladding material =steel Number of floors = 6 Orientation = 323 to 346° 2. Orientation = 323 to 346° 3. Cladding material = steel Cladding material = steel steel, vinyl, stucco, brick, wood, limestone, concrete cladding substructure partitions floor surface floor structure columns & beams windows walls structure wall finishes roof 17 of 21

19. 4 Results Probability (%) Impact (kg CO 2 e) 150,000260,000200,000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Impact Distributions 18 18 of 21

20. 5 Conclusions Developed BIM-enabled life cycle environmental impact feedback method Accounted for embodied and operational impacts Parametrically control many design inputs Designers visually understand effect of design choices: influential versus non-influential positive or negative building components materials dimensional thicknesses 19 of 21

21. 5 Future Work Model does not account for: coupled inter-life-cycle-phase design decisions solar heat gain coefficient (glazing) coupled variables shading (fins, overhangs) insulation cladding material glazing material + glazing thickness Insulation material + insulation thickness cladding material + cladding thickness cladding thickness roof thickness wall structure thickness 20 of 21

22. 5 Future Work Impact Reduced/$ % Reduction A: Substructure B: Shell C: Interiors D: Services 1020304050 piles mat foundation footing columns and beams roof floors cladding mechanical electrical conveying fire plumbing partitions wall finishes doors flooring ceiling 15 21 of 21

23. Questions?