1. Mr. Giesler Global 1

2. Africa What I know about Africa What I want to learn About Africa What I learned about Africa

4. In The News TodayIn The News Today

5. Climate: As many would like to believe the continent of Africa is not all about thick jungles. Do Now/ TTYN: Examine the map provided in your notes packet, identify the variety of features that occupy 1/5 of all Earth’s land surface- Africa. Movement: As we have already learned, the movement of people and goods has a definite impact of the development of civilizations. Do Now/ TTYN: Referring again to your notes packet, identify how geography has affected the development of the continent Africa. Be sure to identify specific geographical attributes such as mountains, rivers, deserts, etc…

6. Natural Resources: Since ancient times, Africa’s mineral wealth has spurred trade and has promoted Africa’s rich diversity. Do Now: Explain in your own words and in complete sentences how Africa’s mineral wealth may have contributed to Cultural Diffusion.

7. First Civilizations: Stone Age Cultures Do Now : Describe the Neolithic Revolution Similar to the first civilizations that we have already learned about, Africa is no different - from Hunter and Gatherers to permanent villages that eventually supported great civilizations. The Sahara: Climate has and continues to impact Africa. The process of desertification has slowly devoured thousands of acres of cropland each year.

8. Who were the Bantu’s?  The term Bantu refers to group of people who speak the same or similar language with common word “NTU” which means a person.  Bantu is the African root language

9. With the development of the iron blade, reaping became easier for the bantu people and agriculture took on a whole new meaning. Populations grew faster than before and people were encroaching on each other's land. Encroachment necessitated an enlargement of territory, which led to the migration of African black tribes from the Great Lakes in central Africa, to the south of Africa. Bantu Migration was one of the largest human migrations in history. A linguistically related group of about 60 million people originating in west and equatorial Africa, gradually migrating down the continent into southern Africa

12. The history of the Kingdom of Kush, as this monarchy is usually called, is traditionally divided up into two main periods, named after the two cities that, in turn, served as the royal capital. The earlier phase of the kingdom (ca. 900-ca. 295 b.c.) is termed the Napatan Period, because the Nubian kings at this time ruled from Napata. The later Meroitic Period (ca. 295 b.c.- a.d. 320) is named for its capital site of Meroe (pronounced Mer-ohway) King Taharqa

13. King Taharqa - King of Kush or Cush and Ancient Egypt 690-664 BCE, 36 years, the 4th ruler of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt. Taharqa is referred to as King of Ethiopia in the Bible. For a century, Nubian kings like Taharqa ruled Egypt ; however, Nubian armies could not match the iron weapons of the Assyrians.

14. By 500 B.C.E., Nubian rulers moved their capital to Meroe. They dominated both the north and south Nile routes and the east-west route from the Red Sea. Natural Resources: rich in iron ore. The furnaces of Meroe produced iron for tools and weapons. Archeologists have discovered large quantities of iron waste as evidence of the prosperous iron industry of ancient Meroe.

15. The Camel Revolutionizes Trade: Exported in from Asia by A.D. 200, the camel revolutionized trade across the Sahara. Do Now/TTYN: In addition to loads up to 500 pounds and often traveling 20 to 30 miles per day, camels also promoted what?

16. Niger Senegal By A.D. 100, villages were expanding, especially along the Senegal and Niger rivers and around Lake Chad.

18. Do Now: If you were handed a 1oz gold bullion bar, what would you trade it for. Today’s approx. value $1,700 Two products that dominated the Saharan Trade Market were gold and salt Gold was plentiful in present-day Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal. Gold was transported to the markets of North Africa. In return, West Africans received an equally valuable commodity, salt. As farming and trade flourished, cities developed on the northern edges of the savanna. Consequently, strong monarchs gained control of the most profitable trade routes.

19. In The News TodayIn The News Today Ousted dictator Moammar Khaddafy killed Who? Momar Khaddafy, 4-Decade Dictator of Libya What? Last thorn that prevented Libya’s Independence and path to a new form of government. Why? Big Picture: “Arab Spring” And this means what? Democracy??? Why Should I care? Will this this affect U.S. Foreign relations in the Middle East and in Africa? Positive or Negative?? Is Syria Next?? “Lead from Behind”

20. In The News TodayIn The News Today

21.  The Kingdom of Ghana is generally given the dates 9th to the 13th century CE by historians.  It marks the beginning of a series of empires in West Africa that were involved in extensive commercial trade. Some have called the Kingdom of Ghana the "land of gold, " an excellent description since it was abounding in gold. The gold trade was largely responsible for the development of Ghana into a powerful, centralized kingdom.  At the time of the Kingdom of Ghana, gold was traded for salt that came down from the Sahara desert.

22. In addition to the gold trade, iron was also an important factor in the development of these West African Kingdoms. The use of iron to make tools and weapons helped some people to expand their control over neighboring people. These changes called for new forms of social organization, contributing to the development of centralized, powerful empires. The use of the horse and camel, along with iron, were important factors in how rulers were able to incorporate small farmers and herders into their empires.

23. The Ghanaian kings controlled the gold that was mined in their kingdom and implemented a system of taxation for their people. Around 1054, the Almoravid rulers came south to conquer the Kingdom of Ghana and convert the people to Islam. The authority of the king eventually diminished, which opened the way for the Kingdom of Mali to begin to gain power.

24. Did you notice the relationship between Ghana and Mali? What Do you see? The Kingdom of Mali includes all of Ghana plus a lot more territory! During its time, Mali was the second largest empire in the world only after the Mongolian empire in Asia, which we will learn about in a few weeks. The dates that historians have designated for the Kingdom of Mali are from the 13th to 15th centuries CE.

25. The Kingdom of Mali came to control the gold trade that the Kingdom of Ghana had controlled before it, but it also expanded its trading in many ways. The Kingdom of Mali controlled the salt trade in the north and many caravan trade routes. Additionally, it traded extensively with Egypt and the copper mine areas to the east.

26. The founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Mali was Sundiata Keita. We know about him through the writings of a 14th century North African historian named Ibn Khaldun. Sundiata expanded the kingdom to include the Kingdom of Ghana and West African gold fields. The most celebrated king of Mali was Mansa Musa. We will examine the life of Mansa Musa in greater detail shortly; however, a brief overview tells us that Mansa Musa greatly extended Mali's territory and power during his reign. He made a name for himself in distant regions throughout the Muslim world through his pilgrimage to Mecca, which is in present-day Saudi Arabia. Sixty thousand people and eighty camels carrying 300 lbs. of gold each accompanied him to Mecca.

27. Several great centers of Islamic learning were also established during the Kingdom of Mali. Among them was the legendary Timbuktu. Scholars came from all over the Muslim world to study at these places, which have a long and rich history of learning in religion, mathematics, music, law, and literature. Although many people in Mali maintained their indigenous religions during this time, Islam was becoming well established throughout the kingdom.

29. Mansa Musa captured the attention of the Arab world when he left his home in the West African kingdom of Mali to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Unlike his grandfather Sundiata, Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. He reigned from 1312 -1337 While Mansa Musa was devout, he was not an ascetic. His imperial power was widely respected, and he was feared throughout Africa. Demonstrating one’s submission before the king was very important. People who greeted him had to kneel down and scatter dust over themselves. “No one was allowed into the king’s presence with his sandals on; negligence was punished by death. No one was allowed to sneeze in the king’s presence, and when the king himself sneezed, those present beat their breasts with their hands”

30. Highlights of Mansa Musa Mansa Musa stood in a long tradition of West African kings who had made pilgrimage to Makkah Mansa Musa’s Hajj had a significant impact on the development of Islam in Mali and on the perception of Mali throughout Africa and Europe. In Mali, Musa is known for building mosques and inviting Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world to his empire During his pilgrimage in 1324, Musa’s generosity nearly crippled Egypt’s economy.

31. In The News TodayIn The News Today Who? What? Why? And this means what? Why Should I care?

32. Do Now/ TTYN: Why is Mansa Musa so important to Ancient Africa Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage boosted Islamic education in Mali by adding mosques, libraries, and universities. The awareness of Musa by other Islamic leaders brought increased commerce and scholars, poets, and artisans, making Timbuktu one of the leading cities in the Islamic world during the time when the most advanced nations from Spain to central India were Muslim. Timbuktu was clearly the center of Islamic Sub-Saharan Africa. Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca brought Mali to the attention of Europe. For the next two centuries Italian, German, and Spanish cartographers produced maps of the world which showed Mali and which often referenced Mansa Musa. The first of these maps appeared in Italy in 1339 with Mansa Musa’s name and likeness. Highlights of Mansa Musa

33. Take a look at the map of Africa's empires and kingdoms. What do you notice about the kingdom of Songhay? You will see that the Kingdom of Songhay encompassed part of the Kingdom of Mali, as well as land beyond to the east and north. The dates for the Kingdom of Songhay partly overlap those of Mali, although the information that follows will reveal at what point Songhay gained control over certain portions of the old Kingdom of Mali. The dates for the Kingdom of Songhay are between 1350 and 1600 CE.

34. The first of two great rulers in the Kingdom of Songhay was Sonni Ali. He came to power in 1464 CE and made the Songhay perhaps the most powerful state in western/central Africa at the time. He seized Timbuktu and Djenne, which had been parts of the Kingdom of Mali. These, as well as the capital city of Gao, continued to be important centers of learning and commerce. Sonni Ali was not a devout Muslim himself, but was sympathetic to indigenous religious practices. Most of all, he was concerned about his own ambitions to build a great empire

35. Sonni Ali’s successor was Mohammed Askia, who came to power in 1493 CE. Askia expanded the kingdom even further and set up an even more advanced and strongly centralized government. Developed a new system of laws, expanded the military, and encouraged scholarship and learning. Unlike Sonni Ali, he was a devout Muslim, who used the combination of Islam and commerce to build his kingdom. Brought peace and stability to the kingdom during his reign. The Kingdom of Songhay came to an end when the Moroccans invaded and conquered them. By 1600 CE, the days of the great kingdoms of West Africa were over.

39. Multiple Trajectories of Islam in Africa: Islam had already spread into northern Africa by the mid-seventh century A.D.. The Arab conquest of Spain and the push of Arab armies as far as the Indus River culminated in an empire that stretched over three continents. Between the eighth and ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, then African clerics, began to spread the religion along the eastern coast of Africa and to the western and central Sudan (literally, "Land of Black people"), stimulating the development of urban communities. Islam replaced Christianity as the dominant religion of North Africa, and Arabic replaced Latin as its language.

40. The Maghrib underwent significant changes beginning in the 7th century CE that led to a shift in its dominant religion to Islam. Before this time, the population consisted of a mix of Christians, Jews, and people practicing indigenous religions. Yet this began to change as Arabs gained more and more power in the region. The people living in the Maghrib at the time were called Berbers. Today their descendents still live in this region of Africa, and the majority of them follow Islam. During the period between the 7th century and 10th century CE (overlapping with the early days of the Kingdom of Ghana), Islam became accepted throughout this region. It remains the dominant religion there up to this day. How did this significant change occur?

41. Arabs brought Islam to the Maghrib as they moved into the area. The Arabs were a powerful political and military force in the region. At first, there was pressure for Berbers to join the Arab military and adopt Islam for reasons of political/economic advantage. However by the 8th century, Berbers were ready to adopt Islam as well as Arabic culture. The Berbers developed their own unique expression of Islam in a doctrine called Kharidjism. This doctrine emphasized equality amongst Muslims and criticized the ruling authority of the Arabs. It became the Berber's ideology of struggle against Arab domination. Their resistance was aimed not at Muslim Arabs, but specifically targeted towards the ruling class.

42. Africa What I know about Africa What I want to learn About Africa What I have learned so far about Africa

43. Refer to your Notes Packet TTYN Fill in one connection or relationship between each of the areas we have examined. You should write your answers on each of the six lines provided below that connect the four areas.

47. Europeans had been involved in trade with Africa since before the Atlantic Slave Trade began. Europeans had become involved in the gold and salt trade Europeans were dependent on "middle-men" who would bring gold from the Kingdoms of West Africa across the Sahara Desert. In the 1400s, Prince Henry of Portugal began an initiative to seek out direct sea routes to gain access to the gold trade in West Africa, as well as trade in Asia.

48. In the fifteenth century, European countries were seeking trade routes with Asia, particularly the spice islands of south-east Asia. What began as a quest for trade in gold and spices, ended up becoming a trade network exporting African slaves, which would continue for more than 400 years.

49. The first slaves brought to Portugal came in 1444 from Northern Mauritania. From Mauritania, the Portuguese moved their way down the western coast of Africa, establishing contact all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope and around to the other side of Africa. Through these contacts, the Portuguese initiated trade relations that grew into the Atlantic Slave Trade. Portugal was the first of a number of European nations who became involved in the Atlantic Slave Trade. The Dutch, French, Spanish, and British soon followed in their footsteps.

51. Degree of human suffering that took place during the Atlantic Slave Trade – TTYN – Try to imagine the conditions that slaves endured Slaves were kept living in abominable conditions in dungeon fortresses along the coast of western Africa until the time that they were sent out to sea on large boats headed for the Americas. Both the slave forts and slave ships kept people in dark, dirty rooms with little to eat or drink and no room to move. They were kept in chains and left to lie on their backs on slave ships while crossing the Atlantic Ocean. This long and treacherous journey has become known as the " Middle Passage." Many historians estimate that as many as 20% died while crossing the ocean, not to mention those who died in the slave forts while still in Africa.

52. The Atlantic Slave Trade essentially worked like a triangle between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Trade goods, such as guns and textiles were sent out of Europe and traded in Africa for slaves. The slaves were crammed into ships that crossed the Atlantic in order to provide labor for large plantations in North and South America, which were growing cotton, sugar cane, and tobacco. These regions of North and South America were European colonies for much of the Atlantic Slave trade and served to provide raw materials to Europe for manufacturing.

53. In The News TodayIn The News Today Who? What? Why? And this means what? Why Should I care?

56. Africa What I know about Africa What I want to learn About Africa What I have learned so far about Africa

58. Shaka – King of the Zulu’s 1816-1828 Prior to his rule the Zulu’s consisted of numerous clans that were related but disorganized. Shaka was a mighty and fearsome warrior and united the clans into a single powerful tribe. He introduced a new system of military organization and revolutionized his army’s weaponry and military tactics.

59.  New armor ; much heavier and more deadly  Disciplined and close combat  To toughen his men, he discarded their leather sandals, having them train and fight in bare feet.  Shaka's troops practiced by covering more than fifty miles in a fast trot over hot, rocky terrain in a single day so that they could surprise the enemy.  Young boys joined Shaka's force as apprentice warriors and served as carriers of rations and extra weapons until they joined the main ranks.  New Fighting Strategies – The “Buffalo" formation. Four sections - two "horns," the "chest," and the "loins" - formed the buffalo. During an attack, the chest assaulted the enemy front, while the horns struck the flanks to encircle the opponents. The loins remained in reserve, usually facing away from the battle or waiting behind

60.  Shaka began with only 350 warriors  For ten years Shaka continued to raid, destroy, and absorb clans and tribes throughout southern Africa.  Zulu nation grew to a population of 250,000, with an army of more than forty thousand warriors occupying territory of about 2 million square miles, from Cape Colony in the south to modern Tanzania in the north. An estimated 2 million of Shaka's enemies died during his decade of power.

61. Boers vs. Zulus Do Now: Who were the Boers Boer, a South African of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent. Commonly referred to as Afrikaners The stage is now set for confrontation. For years the Zulus have been migrating into the South and at the same time, the Boers have been settling in South Africa. Prediction Time: What are the possible outcomes of this confrontation?

62. During the 1400s, the Portuguese established a number of trading outposts along the coastline of Africa. In the 1600s, the Dutch established the Cape Town settlement on the southwestern tip of Africa. Many of these early settlements were the starting point of the African Slave Trade

63. The Scramble is on Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Settle how European countries would claim colonial land in Africa and to avoid a war among European nations over African territory. Must bring civilization, in the form of Christianity, and trade to each region that it would occupy. Established some occupying force on the ground In 1870 roughly 80 percent of Africa south of the Sahara Desert was governed by indigenous kings, chiefs, and other rulers. By 1910 nearly this entire huge expanse had become European colonies or land, like South Africa, controlled by white settlers.

64. Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain. Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought. Take up the White Man's burden-- No tawdry rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper-- The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go mark them with your living, And mark them with your dead.

65. Take up the White Man's burden-- And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard-- The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- "Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?" Take up the White Man's burden-- Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke your weariness; By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you. Take up the White Man's burden-- Have done with childish days— The lightly proferred laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! Rudyard Kipling “The White Man's Burden” 1899

66. British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February, 1899, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, copied the poem and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, commenting that it was “rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view.” Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The racialized notion of the “White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for imperialism, and many anti-imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to the phrase. TTYN: What is Kipling suggesting?

67. TTYN: What is Social Darwinism?  Civilizing mission  Survival of the fittest transcends to human societies and nations  Superior to others  Conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human race.

68. The Congo and the Boer War Horrors in the Congo The Boer War: Apartheid Begins Group Work Refer to Notes Packet

69. Africa What I know about Africa What I want to learn About Africa What I have learned so far about Africa

70. After World War II, France faced growing nationalist movements in its North African protectorates of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Nationalist campaigns for independence began to grow in early, mid-1900s in both countries Attempts by France to crack down on movements led to increasing unrest, demonstrations, guerrilla wars Meanwhile Algeria also struggling for independence Morocco and Tunisia Algeria home to large French settler population, was more important to the French French government concluded it could not fight guerrilla wars in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia at same time Negotiated with nationalist leaders in Morocco, Tunisia 1956, both countries granted independence Independence French North Africa

71. Algeria 1830, France first took control of some areas in Algeria 1950s, more than 1 million European settlers in area, owned best land, dominated economy, had grip on political power Algeria 1830, France first took control of some areas in Algeria 1950s, more than 1 million European settlers in area, owned best land, dominated economy, had grip on political power Attacks on Settlers, Reprisals Next year FLN directly targeted French settlers; attacks killed more than 100 people in one city French forces, groups of settlers responded by attacking Muslims; between 1,200 and 12,000 Muslims killed in reprisal attacks Attacks on Settlers, Reprisals Next year FLN directly targeted French settlers; attacks killed more than 100 people in one city French forces, groups of settlers responded by attacking Muslims; between 1,200 and 12,000 Muslims killed in reprisal attacks National Liberation Front 1954, group of Algerian nationalists formed National Liberation Front (FLN) FLN began campaign of armed attacks against French targets French responded with mass arrests, raids on Muslim towns National Liberation Front 1954, group of Algerian nationalists formed National Liberation Front (FLN) FLN began campaign of armed attacks against French targets French responded with mass arrests, raids on Muslim towns Algeria

72. French settlers in Algiers increasingly angry over perceived lack of support from French government May 1958, French troops, mob of settlers seized control in Algiers, demanded change of government in Paris Demands met; Charles de Gaulle appointed prime minister in June 1958 De Gaulle seen as strong supporter of settlers of Algeria French settlers in Algiers increasingly angry over perceived lack of support from French government May 1958, French troops, mob of settlers seized control in Algiers, demanded change of government in Paris Demands met; Charles de Gaulle appointed prime minister in June 1958 De Gaulle seen as strong supporter of settlers of Algeria Change in Government Attacks set pattern for deadly war in Algeria—FLN targeted French civilians, French attacked Muslim population FLN launched campaign of bombings, assassinations at civilians, military in Algiers French responded with harsh counterterrorism campaign, torturing suspected FLN members Summer 1957, FLN largely defeated, but war not over Attacks set pattern for deadly war in Algeria—FLN targeted French civilians, French attacked Muslim population FLN launched campaign of bombings, assassinations at civilians, military in Algiers French responded with harsh counterterrorism campaign, torturing suspected FLN members Summer 1957, FLN largely defeated, but war not over Battle of Algiers French Responses

73. NIGERIA’S Nationalist Movement Is home to many different ethnic groups. After the Berlin Conference Great Britain was given control of Nigeria. The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies. Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of the same country. These divisions between ethnic groups led to different treatment by Brits. By the 1940s, Nigerians started many groups to fight British rule. Many Nigerians admired the British because of their education in England. Nigerians believe that the only way to have rights was to be free of European rule.

74. Nigeria Continued These groups pushing for independence became political parties that worked for Nigerian independence. By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerians elect their own government. In 1957 they elected Abubkar Tafawa Balewa as their Prime Minister On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted its independence from Britain.

75. Kenya Nationalist Movement Kenya was colonized by England & many people in Kenya disliked the British being there. In opposition to British rule they organized a group known as the Mau Mau (1952-1960). Mau Mau- a secret organization that believed the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence was through the use of force & violence. In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau, however violence between the two groups continued until 1960. Thousands of people were killed during fighting, only about 100 were European.

76. Kenya Continued… Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support for the Mau Mau led the British to grant Kenya its independence. In 1963 the British helped Kenyans hold democratic elections, they elected Jomo Kenyatta president. Kenya was once again free from foreign rule.

77. South Africa’s path to independence. In 1948, Afrikaners (people of Dutch decent) defeated English- speaking whites to win control of South Africa’s government. South Africa was ruled by both the Dutch & British people. Afrikaners established “Apartheid” --an Afrikaans word meaning “separateness” an official policy of racial discrimination & segregation. Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few rights they had & required segregation. Separation was based on race (black, white, or colored). South Africa’s path to independence. In 1948, Afrikaners (people of Dutch decent) defeated English- speaking whites to win control of South Africa’s government. South Africa was ruled by both the Dutch & British people. Afrikaners established “Apartheid” --an Afrikaans word meaning “separateness” an official policy of racial discrimination & segregation. Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few rights they had & required segregation. Separation was based on race (black, white, or colored).

78. Townships There were established “townships” for blacks; Townships were poor, crowded areas far away from the cities where the blacks had to live. Homelands often did not have running water and electricity. Black South Africans could only leave their homeland if they were going to work for a white person. Blacks forced to carry pass books (similar to a passport) at all times or they would go to prison

79. African National Congress (ANC ) African National Congress goal was to: unite people of all races (in South Africa) to fight for rights and freedoms against racism & apartheid. Nelson Mandela, a black South African, started the ANC & led it. African National Congress goal was to: unite people of all races (in South Africa) to fight for rights and freedoms against racism & apartheid. Nelson Mandela, a black South African, started the ANC & led it.

80. F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela, was the leader of the ANC & was arrested on August 5, 1962. He was imprisoned for 27 years until he was granted his release in 1990 by F. W. de Klerk. F.W. de Klerk was South Africa’s president when N. Mandela went to jail—he helped get Mandela out of jail (he was a white man) Nelson Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994, he was South Africa’s first black president.

81. Nelson Mandela

82. Africa What I know about Africa What I want to learn About Africa What I have learned so far about Africa

83. The genocide was sparked (not the cause) by the death of the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana (Hutu), a Hutu, when his plane was shot down above Kigali airport on April 6, 1994. President Paul Kagame (Tutsis)

84. The Cause – Ethnic Tension Ethnic tension in Rwanda is nothing new. There have been been disagreements between the majority Hutus and minority Tutsis, but the animosity between them has grown substantially since the colonial period. When the Belgian colonists arrived in 1916, they produced identity cards classifying people according to their ethnicity. The Belgians considered the Tutsis to be superior to the Hutus. Not surprisingly, the Tutsis welcomed this idea, and for the next 20 years they enjoyed better jobs and educational opportunities than their neighbors. What happened during the colonial period that set the ball in motion?

85. Rwanda Independence in 1962 Hutu’s in control Tutsis considered scapegoats Tutsi ‘s, with Kagame as their leader, refugees - supported by some moderate Hutus - were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)

86. Habyarimana chose to exploit this threat as a way to bring dissident Hutus back to his side, and Tutsis inside Rwanda were accused of being RPF collaborators. In August 1993, after several attacks and months of negotiation, a peace accord was signed between Habyarimana and the RPF, but it did little to stop the continued unrest. Habyarimana's plane shot down in April 1994, it was the final nail in the coffin.

87. The presidential guard immediately initiated a campaign of retribution. Leaders of the political opposition were murdered, and almost immediately, the slaughter of Tutsis and moderate Hutus began. Soldiers and police officers encouraged ordinary citizens to participate. In some cases, Hutu civilians were forced to murder their Tutsi neighbors by military personnel. Participants were often given incentives, such as money or food, and some were even told they could appropriate the land of the Tutsis they killed.

88. in July, the RPF captured Kigali. The government collapsed and the RPF declared a ceasefire. 2 million Hutus fled to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo). Although the killing in Rwanda is over, the presence of Hutu militias in DR Congo has led to years of conflict there, causing up to five million deaths. Rwanda's now Tutsi-led government has twice invaded its much larger neighbor, saying it wants to wipe out the Hutu forces. Some 800,000 minority Tutsis and moderate Hutus were slaughtered by Hutu militias in just 100 days in 1994.

89. violence in the region, ethnic divisions, social, political and economic marginalization. They are similar to those of conflicts in southern and eastern Sudan which are rooted in the constant struggle over power-sharing that weak central governance, under-development and the lack of diverse political involvement structure produced. The origins of the conflict in Darfur are accounted for by numerous factors: Historical violence in the region Ethnic divisions Social, political and economic marginalization Constant struggle over power-sharing that weakens the central government

90. Colonial Rule: “Divide and Rule” – 1899-1956  Divided Sudan along both geographical and ethnic lines  Created a Sudan that is deeply divided between Muslim-Arab and the African blacks, and North and South

92. Just The Facts Since the beginning of the conflicts of Darfur in 2003, over 400,000 Darfurian civilians have been killed, which means about 150 people lose their lives every day. 300,000 people have died directly from acts of violence in Darfur. 90% of the villages of Darfur’s targeted ethnic groups have been destroyed. 97% of these killings have been against innocent civilians and executed by militia groups instructed by the government.

93. Historical Context: Imperialism has been interpreted from a variety of viewpoints. The documents below express various viewpoints about the positive and negative effects of European imperialism. Task: Evaluate both the positive and negative effects of imperialism. Part A Short Answer The documents below relate to the positive and negative effects of imperialism. Examine each document carefully and then answer the question that follows it.

94. Document 1 O.P. Austin, "Does Colonization Pay" The Forum, 1900 "Modern progressive nations lying in the temperate zone seek to control garden spots’ in the tropics. [mainly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia] Under [the progressive nations] direction, these places can yield tropical produce. In return, the progressive nations bring to the people of those garden spots the foodstuffs and manufactures they need. [Progressive nations] develop the territory by building roads, canals, railways, and telegraphs. They can establish schools and newspapers for the colonies [and] give these people the benefit of other blessings of civilization which they have not the means of creating themselves." 1. According to the author, what benefits did the colonies receive from the "modern progressive nations“?

95. Document 2 "Learning civilized ways is hard work" 2. What did colonization mean for the native people?

96. In The News TodayIn The News Today Anarchy continues, transition drags in Egypt Who? What? Why? And this means what? Why Should I care?

97. Document 3 "To begin with, there are the exporters and manufacturers of certain goods used in the colonies. The makers of cotton and iron goods have been very much interested in imperialism. Their business interests demand that colonial markets should be opened and developed and that foreign competitors should be shut out. Such aims require political control and imperialism. Finally, the most powerful of all business groups are the bankers. Banks make loans to colonies and backward countries for building railways and steamship lines. They also make loans to colonial plantation owners, importers, and exporters. The imperialist business interests have powerful allies. Military and naval leaders believe strongly in extending the white man’s rule over the ‘inferior races,’ To this company may be added another element—the missionary. Missionaries went forth to preach a kingdom beyond this world. But they often found themselves the builders of very earthly empires.... Last, but by no means least, let us add politicians to our list of empire builders." Imperialism and World Politics, Parker T. Moore, 1926 3. Who are the empire builders described in this passage?

98. Document 4 "When the whites came to our country, we had the land and they had the Bible, now we have the Bible and they have the land." African proverb 4. How did the Africans feel about the missionaries?

99. Document 6 "Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self- confidence... The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy. Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization..." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962 6. In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?

100. Document 5 The White Man killed my father, My father was proud. The White Man seduced my mother, My mother was beautiful. The White Man burnt my brother beneath the noonday sun, My brother was strong. His hands red with black blood The White Man turned to me; And in the Conqueror’s voice said, "Boy! a chair, a napkin, a drink. An Anthology of West African Verse, David Diop, 1957 5. What were some negative effects of imperialism on Africa?

101. This German cartoon, published in the early 20th century, is entitled "Thus colonize the English." 7. What is the point of view of this cartoonist about European imperialism? You should discuss at least four of the following terms/concepts in your answer: mercantilism, the industrial revolution, Social Darwinism, the White Man’s Burden, spreading Christianity & seeking land to gain glory. Big Question – Why Imperialize??

102. Part B Essay Response Evaluate both the positive and negative effects of imperialism. Your essay should be well organized with an introductory paragraph that states your position. Develop your position in the next paragraphs and then write a conclusion. In your essay, include specific historical details and refer to the specific documents you analyzed in Part A. You may include additional information from your knowledge of global history.

103. Africa What I know about Africa What I want to learn About Africa What I have learned about Africa