1. CSI: Cell science investigators

2. By the end of this lesson, you should…  Know how stem cell research is useful for medicine  Know about a disease that stem cells might help  Know what stem cell therapies are available now

3. What we’re going to do today 1.Learn about the disease multiple sclerosis (MS) 2.In groups: - Research what goes wrong in MS - Do an experiment to look for new medicines 3.Hear about some stem cell therapies

4. A reminder about stem cells ?

5. How can stem cells help with diseases? Grow and multiply stem cells in the lab Make lots of specialized cells Study the cells to learn more about MS Find or test new medicines Put new cells into patients?

6. What is multiple sclerosis? Pins and needles Fatigue (Tiredness) Mood swings Forgetfulness Hearing problems Dizziness Problems walking Blurred vision

7. What is multiple sclerosis?  Over 400,000 people in the European Union  10,500 people in Scotland  Usually starts at about 20 or 30 years old Who?  No-one knows the cause  Not passed on from parents to children Why?  Medicines to help with symptoms  No cure Treatments

8. What does a nerve cell do?

9. Signals travel fast! Some of your nerves carry signals at 70 to 100 metres per second That’s as fast as a race car. And more than 100 times faster than you can pass a message along a line!

10. A healthy nerve cell Myelin (insulation) Nerve fibre (axon) carries messages Signal

11. What goes wrong in MS? Your research challenge Find out what goes wrong with nerves in MS: Look at the diagrams Write down what has gone wrong with some of the nerves Look at the real nerves. Have they got MS? Healthy nerve

12. What goes wrong in MS? Damaged myelin  Poor insulation  Messages slow down or get lost ✔ ✗ Healthy nerve

13. How can stem cells help with MS? The problem Damaged nerves + Remember…

14. How can stem cells help with MS? Grow stem cells in the lab Make lots of nerve cells to study and test Study the cells to learn more about MS Find or test new medicines Put new cells into patients? Where can we get the stem cells from?

15. There are stem cells in our bodies surface of the eye brain and nervous system muscles intestines (gut) bone marrow skin Any volunteers?

16. embryonic stem cells skin Embyronic stem cells can make any cells nerve muscle

17. How can we make nerve cells? Get embryonic stem cells ? Grow many stem cells ? Change them into nerve stem cells ? Many nerve cells to study and test

18. So we can make nerve cells: what next? Grow stem cells in the lab Make lots of nerve cells to study and test Find or test new medicines Study the cells to learn more about MS Put new cells into patients?

19. Using cells to look for new medicines Substances to test + Cell samples Your research challenge Plan a drug screening experiment Make sure it is a fair test Carry out your experiment Record your results Which substance might be a useful medicine? Choose one to go for more research

20. Results Test substanceColour of cells after adding ABlue/green BPurple (no change) CGreen DRed EBlue/Green WaterPurple (no change) D should go for further research

21. Making cells for patients Grow stem cells in the lab Make lots of nerve cells to study and test Find or test new medicines Study the cells to learn more about MS Put new cells into patients?

22. Cell therapies today Bone marrow transplants for blood diseases Skin grafts for very bad burns Grow a new cornea for damaged eyes

23. What we’ve learnt today New medicines Study and understand Cells for patients? 3 ways to use stem cells Treating diseases today No treatments for MS from stem cell research yet Stem cells can treat: Blood diseases Burns Some eye damage

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25. Funders: The development of CSI: Cell science investigators was funded by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme through EuroStemCell. Authors: CSI: Cell science investigators was created and developed by Emma Kemp and Ian Chambers, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh. Acknowledgements: Shona Reid, her colleagues and students at the James Young High School, Livingston, Scotland, participated in pilots and offered helpful advice and feedback. Gianvito Martino of the Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan reviewed information on the slides about multiple sclerosis. Picture credits: Details provided on the following slide. Licensing: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Acknowledgements and licensing

26. Slide 6: ear by David Benbennick; sight chart by EuroStemCell; all other images courtesy of the Multiple Sclerosis SocietyDavid Benbennick Multiple Sclerosis Society Slide 7: silhouette of head by Hannes GrobeHannes Grobe Slide 8: line of people ©iStockphoto.com/danleapdanleap Slide 9: car by M. TrischlerM. Trischler Slide 17: cell images by Dr Steve Pollard of UCL Cancer Institute, LondonDr Steve Pollard of UCL Cancer Institute, London Slide 22: blood cells by Anne Weston/Wellcome Images; skin graft from Yann Barrandon, previously published in Ronfard et al., TRANSPLANTATION 2000; eye repair photograph reproduced with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society and taken from Rama et al, Limbal Stem-Cell Therapy and Long-Term Corneal Regeneration, N Engl J Med, 2010, 363:147-55, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0905955Wellcome Images 10.1056/NEJMoa0905955 Slide 23: nerve image reproduced with permission from Bruce D. Trapp, Ph.D., John Peterson, B.S., Richard M. Ransohoff, M.D., Richard Rudick, M.D., Sverre Mörk, M.D., Ph.D., and Lars Bö, M.D. Axonal Transection in the Lesions of Multiple Sclerosis, N Engl J Med 1998; 338:278-285: http://www.nejm.org/toc/nejm/338/5/ http://www.nejm.org/toc/nejm/338/5/ Cartoon diagrams throughout: created by Christele Gonneau and Emma Kemp. Images used in other components of CSI: Cell science investigators are accredited where the image appears. Picture credits