1. Principles of Physical Fitness
Chapter 2
Principles of Physical Fitness

2. Test your knowledge
To improve your health, you must exercise vigorously for at least 30 minutes straight, 5 or more days per week. True or False?
FALSE. Experts recommend about 30 minutes of moderate physical activity 5 or more days per week, but activity can be done in short bouts – 10 min per sessions.

3. Among American adults, about what percentage of trips of less than 1 mile long are made by walking?
a) 15% b) 25% c) 50%
a. The vast majority of short trips are made in cars. Most people have many opportunities to incorporate more moderate physical activity to their daily routine.

4. If all inactive American adults became physically active, the savings in direct costs for medical care would be about _______ per year.
a) $75 million b) $7,5 million c) $75 billion
c. People who engage in regular physical activity make fewer physician visits, use less medication, and have fewer hospital stays than physically inactive people.

5. Physical activity and exercise for health and fitness - Concepts
Physical activity: any body movement carried out by the skeletal muscles and requiring energy.
Exercise: Subset of physical activity planned, structured, repetitive movement of the body intended to specifically improve or maintain physical fitness.
Physical fitness: set of physical attributes that allows the body to respond or adapt to the demands and stress of physical effort without becoming overly tired.

6. Importance of the increase of physical activity
Health benefits
Manage weight
Improve physical fitness
Quality of life
Freedom: more energy and better body control

7. How much physical activity is enough?
To promote or maintain health, adults need a minimum or 30 minutes of moderate – intensity aerobic physical activity 5 days per week or 20 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity 3 days per week.
To set a goal for physical activity and exercise, consider your current activity level, your health status and your overall goals.
If weight management is a concern for you, try to raise your activity level further.
Choose to be active whenever you can.

8. Health related components of physical fitness
Health related fitness includes the following components:
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Flexibility
Body composition

9. Cardiorespiratory endurance
The ability to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate-to-high levels of intensity.
Related physical functions that are also improved include:
Heart pumps more blood per heartbeat
Resting heart rate slows
Blood volume increases
Blood supply to tissues improves.
The body can cool itself better
Resting blood pressure decreases
Activities to develop CE involve continuous, rhythmic movements or large muscle groups, such as the legs (walking, jogging, cycling, and aerobic dancing.

10. Muscular endurance
The ability to resist fatigue and sustain a given level of muscle tension.
Depends on: size of muscle cells, ability of muscles to store fuel, and blood supply to muscles.
Important for good posture and for injury prevention.
Activities to develop ME involve resistance training or strength training (weight lifting)

11. Flexibility
The ability to move the joints through their full range of motion.
Depend on joint structure, length and elasticity of connective tissue, and nervous system activity.
Stretching exercises can help to ensure a healthy range of motion for all major joints.

12. Body Composition
Is the portion of fat vs. portion of fat free mass in the body.
The best way to lose fat is through a lifestyle that includes a sensible diet and exercise.

13. Skill related components of fitness
Some types of exercise do not contribute to the health components of physical fitness, however, they can contribute to other areas of wellness.
Speed
Power
Agility
Balance
Coordination
Reaction and movement time

14. Principles of physical training: adaptation to stress.
The goal of physical training is to produce long term changes and improvements in the body’s functioning.
To put together an effective exercise program, you should first understand the basic principles of physical training, including the following:
Specificity
Progressive overload
Reversibility
Individual differences
ADAPTABILITY

15. Specificity: Muscular strenght  Weight lifting
Cardiorespiratory endurance  jogging
Become a tennis player  exercise arms and legs

16. Progressive overload:
The body adapts to the demands of exercise by improving its functioning (or the other way around).
The amount of overload is important:
Too little will have no effect
Too much may cause injury and other problems.
The amount of overload needed to maintain or improve a particular level of fitness depends on the individual and is determined by four dimensions:
Frequency  how often (recovery time)
Intensity  how hard (exercise harder than the normal level)
Time  how long (depending on the type of activity)
Type  mode of activity (depends on your fitness goals)

17. Lab 1. par-q & you
Complete the questionnaire to find out if you can start working out or visit a physician first.

18. Reversibility
The body adjusts to lower levels of activity the same way it adjusts to higher levels.
If you must temporarily reduce your training time an option would be increasing the intensity to reduce the frequency.

19. Individual differences:
Each person responds to training in different ways
There are limits on the adaptability potential for improvement of any human body.

20. Lab 2. overrcoming barriers to being active
Answer the questionnaire to find out about the barriers that keep you from doing more exercise.

21. Designing your own exercise program
Get medical clearance
Specially if you have health problems such as:high blood pressure, heart disease, muscle or joint problems, or obesity.
Assess yourself
Asses your current level of physical activity and fitness for each of the five health related fitness components

22. Choose activities for a balanced program
Set your goals
Your goals must be important enough to keep you motivated
Be clear on why you are starting a program.
Choose activities for a balanced program
Start on easy to do activities and gradually increase the amount of physical activity in your daily life.

23. Physical activity pramid
Sedentary activities – Do infrequently: Watch tv, internet, taking on telephone
Strength training at least 2 days per week. All major muscles
Cardio respiratory endurance exercise 3 to 5 days per week
Moderate Intensity physical activity 5 or more days per week, 30 minutes per day, 60 to 90 minutes per day for weight loss or prevention of weight regain following weight loss.
Flexibility training
At least 2 to 3 days per week. All major joints
Walking jogging, bicycling, swimming, aerobic dancing, in line skating, cross country skiing, dancing, basketball
Walking to the store or bank, washing windows or your car, , climbing stairs, working your yard, walking your dog, cleaning your room.

24. Guidelines for training
Train the way you want your body to change
Muscular build  lift weights
Flexibility  stretching exercises
Performance  practice a sport.
Train regularly
Consistency is the key to improving fitness
Start slowly, and get in shape gradually
Beginning phase: the body adjusts to the new type and level of activity
Progress phase: fitness increases
Maintainance phase: the targeted level of fitness is sustained over the long term.

25. Guidelines for training
Warm up before exercise
Warming up can decrease your chances of injury
Warming up includes low intensity, whole body movements.
It is important to stretch after an endurance or strength training workout.
Cool down after exercise
If you suddenly stop moving after exercise, the amount of blood returning to your hear and brain may be insufficient and you may experience dizziness and drop in blood pressure or other problems.

26. Guidelines for training
Exercise safely:
Always wear protective gear when needed: Ex. Helmet for biking, eye protection for playing racquetball, bright clothes when exercising on the street, be careful with vehicles.
Exercise with a partner
Train within your capacity
Listen to your body and get adequate
rest
Rest is as important as exercise
Don’t exercise if it doesn’t feel right
You can’t train sporadically

27. Guidelines for training
Cycle the volume and intensity of your workouts
Don’t train at the same intensity during every workout, train intensely some days and lightly on others.
Increase the volume and intensity of your program gradually, never more than 10% per week.
Vary your activities
Change your exercise program from time to
time to keep things fresh and help develop
a higher degree of fitness: adapt to many
types of exercise.

28. Guidelines for training
Train with a partner
Partners motivate, encourage each other, make exercise seem easier and more fun.
Commitment to a friend is a powerful motivator.
Fuel your activity appropriately:
Good nutrition
Rehydration
Have fun
You are more likely to stick with an exercise program if its fun.

29. Guidelines for training
Track your progress
Monitoring your progress helps to keep you motivated.
Keep your exercise program in perspective
You have to have time for work and school, family and friends, relaxation and hobbies
Balance and moderation are the key ingredients of a fit and well life.