1. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

2. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill These PowerPoint slides have been designed for use by students and instructors using the Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity textbook by Conrad Kottak. These files contain short outlines of the content of the chapters, as well as selected photographs, maps, and tables. Students may find these outlines useful as a study guide or a tool for review. Instructors may find these files useful as a basis for building their own lecture slides or as handouts. Both audiences will notice that many of the slides contain more text than one would use in a typical oral presentation, but it was felt that it would be better to err on the side of a more complete outline in order to accomplish the goals above. Both audiences should feel free to edit, delete, rearrange, and rework these files to build the best personalized outline, review, lecture, or handout for their needs. Using These Slides

3. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Student CD-ROM—this fully interactive student CD-ROM is packaged free of charge with every new textbook and features the following unique tools: How To Ace This Course: Animated book walk-through Expert advice on how to succeed in the course (provided on video by the University of Michigan) Learning styles assessment program Study skills primer Internet primer Guide to electronic research Chapter-by-Chapter Electronic Study Guide: Video clip from a University of Michigan lecture on the text chapter Interactive map exercise Chapter objectives and outline Key terms with an audio pronunciation guide Self-quizzes (multiple choice, true/false, and short-answer questions with feedback indicating why your answer is correct or incorrect) Critical thinking essay questions Internet exercises Vocabulary flashcards Chapter-related web links Cool Stuff: Interactive globe Study break links Contents of Student CD-ROM

4. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Student’s Online Learning Center—this free web-based student supplement features many of the same tools as the Student CD-ROM (so students can access these materials either online or on CD, whichever is convenient), but also includes: An entirely new self-quiz for each chapter (with feedback, so students can take two pre-tests prior to exams) Career opportunities Additional chapter-related readings Anthropology FAQs PowerPoint lecture notes Monthly updates Contents of Online Learning Center

5. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill ChapChaptteerrChapChaptteerrter 24 This chapter discusses the role of applied anthropology. It discusses the ways in which it is related to and separate from academic anthropology. It also discusses in depth several fields of applied anthropology such as urban anthropology, medical anthropology, and forensic anthropology. Applied Anthropology

6. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Applied Anthropology: Definition  Applied anthropology refers to the application of anthropologic al data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve social problems. In Los Angeles, youths of many national backgrounds, like these Cambodians, have formed gangs. Anthropologists understand that these kin-modeled associations help to reduce the stress of urban life, and applied anthropologists working in these communities can use this information to develop programs for the community. Photo Credit: Alon Reininger/Woodin Camp & Associates

7. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Applied Anthropology: Views  Anthropologists have held three views about applying anthropology:  The ivory tower view contends that anthropologists should avoid practical matters and focus on research, publication, and teaching.  The schizoid view holds that anthropologists should carry out, but not make or criticize, policy.  The advocacy view argues that since anthropologists are experts on human problems and social change, they should make policy affecting people.  Identify locally perceived needs for change.  Work with those people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change.  Protect local people from harmful development schemes.  Kottak favors advocacy.

8. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Applied Anthropology  Professional anthropologists work for a wide variety of employers: tribal and ethnic associations, governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), etc.  During World War II, anthropologists worked for the US government to study Japanese and German culture “at a distance.”  Malinowski advocated working with the British empire to study indigenous land tenure to determine how much land should be left to the natives and how much the empire could seize.

9. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Academic and Applied Anthropology  After World War II, the baby boom fueled the growth of the American educational system and anthropology along with it starting the era of academic anthropology.  Applied anthropology began to grow in the 1970s as anthropologists found jobs with international organizations, governments, businesses, hospitals, and schools.

10. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Theory and Practice  Like most other disciplines, anthropology boomed immediately after the second World War, and again in the sixties as the strengths of the discipline fit with prevailing social interests, which began a turn toward practical applications.  Anthropology’s ethnographic method, holism, and systemic perspective make it uniquely valuable in application to social problems.  Applied anthropologists are more likely to focus on a local, grass roots perspective in approaching a problem than to consult with officials and experts.

11. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Subdisciplines  Cultural Resource Management refers to excavations done to gather as much data as possible from sites threatened by construction or other projects.  Cultural anthropologists frequently consult with other professionals, to facilitate the extension of health, economic, and other services to various populations.

12. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Anthropology and Education  In particular, anthropology has helped facilitate the accommodation of cultural differences in classroom settings.  Examples include: English as a second language taught to Spanish-speaking students; different, culturally based reactions to various pedagogical techniques, the application of linguistic relativism in the classroom to BEV.

13. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Urban Anthropology  Human populations are becoming increasingly urban.  Urban versus Rural:  Robert Redfield was an early student of the differences between the rural and urban contexts.  Various instances of urban social forms are given as examples, African urban (Kampala, Uganda) social networks in particular.

14. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Medical Anthropology  Medical anthropology is both academic (theoretical) and applied (practical).  Medical anthropology is the study of disease and illness in their sociocultural context.  Disease is a scientifically defined ailment.  Illness is an ailment as experienced and perceived by the sufferer.  The spread of certain diseases, like malaria and schistosomiasis, have been associated with population growth and economic development.

15. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Medical Anthropology Schistosomiasis is among the fastest spreading parasitic infections. It is propagated by snails that live in ponds, lakes, and waterways, such as this irrigation system in Luxor, Egypt. Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/ Magnum

16. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Medical Anthropology  There are three basic theories about the causes of illnesses.  Personalistic disease theories blame illness on agents such as sorcerers, witches, ghosts, or ancestral spirits.  Naturalistic disease theories explain illness in impersonal terms (e.g., Western biomedicine).  Emotionalistic disease theories assume emotional experiences cause illness (e.g., susto among Latino populations).

17. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Medical Anthropology  Health-care Systems  All societies have health-care systems.  Health-care systems consist of beliefs, customs, specialists, and techniques aimed at ensuring health and preventing, diagnosing, and treating illness.  Health-care Specialists  All cultures have health-care specialists (e.g., curers, shaman, doctors)  Health-care specialists emerge through a culturally defined process of selection and training.

18. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Non-Western Medicine  Lessons from Non-Western Medicine:  Non-western systems of medicine are often more successful at treating mental illness than Western medicine.  Non-western systems of medicine often explain mental illness by causes are easier to identify and combat.  Non-western systems of medicine diagnose and treat the mentally ill in cohesive groups with full support of their kin.

19. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Western Medicine  Despite its advances, Western medicine is not without its problems.  Overprescription of drugs and tranquilizers  Unnecessary surgery  Impersonality and inequality of the patient-physician relationship  Overuse of antibiotics  Biomedicine surpasses non-Western medicine in many ways.  Thousands of effective drugs  Preventive health care  Surgery

20. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Medical Development  Like economic development, medical development must fit into local systems of heath care.  Medical anthropologists can serve as cultural interpreters between local systems and Western medicine. Clinics like this one bring Western medicine to the Masai of Kenya. Photo Credit: YoramKahana/ Peter Arnold

21. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Anthropology and Business  Through studying institutions such as businesses, anthropologists have identified the process of microenculturation, through which people in finite systems learn their specific roles.  More recently, cross-cultural study of business practices has become more important (e.g., the study of Japanese business techniques).

22. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Careers in Anthropology  Because of its breadth, a degree in anthropology may provide a flexible basis for many different careers (with appropriate planning).  Other fields, such as business, have begun to recognize the worth of such anthropological concepts as microcultures.  Anthropologists work professionally as consultants to indigenous groups at risk from external systems.  Other employers of anthropologists include: USAID, USDA, the World Bank, private voluntary organizations, etc.

23. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Continuance of Diversity  Anthropology has a crucial role to play in promoting a more humanistic vision of social change, one that respects the value of cultural diversity.  The existence of anthropology is itself a tribute to the continuing need to understand social and cultural similarities and differences.