1. The Head and Neck

2. Upper Respiratory Tract
Pg 583

3. The Nose Only external part of respiratory tract
Made of nasal bones, connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
External Nares = Nostrils:
openings into nasal cavity
Internal Nares = Choanae:
openings between nasal cavity and nasopharynx

4. Entrance to the Nasal Cavity
Vestibule –space just inside external nares
Skin lining contains:
Sebaceous glands -greasy secretion collect dirt, lubricate, kill bacteria
Sweat glands -acidic, slows growth of bacteria
Hair follicles –trap smaller particles of dirt and dust
Vibrissae – nose hairs filtering larger particles from air

5. Nasal Cavity Part of respiratory passage Boundaries
Roof = ethmoid bone (cribiform plate)
Floor = hard palate & soft palate
Hard palate = maxilla (palatine process) + palatine (horizontal plate)
Soft palate = skeletal muscle ending in uvula
Lateral walls = nasal bones, superior+ middle nasal conchae (ethmoid bone), inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, palatine bone
Nasal Septum = divides cavity into 2
Vomer & Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid
Cartilage

6. Nasal Cavity
Pg 584

7. Nasal Cavity Functions Airway of respiratory tract
Moisten and Warm air
Filter air
Resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors

8. Nasal Cavity (continued)
Respiratory Mucosa–lines cavity walls, septum
Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium w/lamina propria
Mucous cells + serous cells
Highly vascularized
Moistens + warms inhaled air
Highly innervated
Cause sneeze reflex
Olfactory Mucosa – on roof of nasal cavity, contains the olfactory (smell) receptors

9. Nasal Conchae Project medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
Superior, Middle (ethmoid)
Inferior nasal conchae
Covered with Mucosa
Functions
Increase surface area
Create turbulance
Reclaim heat from exhaled air
Pg 584

10. Paranasal Sinuses Air-filled sacs surrounding nasal cavity
Extensions of nasal cavity, continuous with it
Same respiratory mucosal lining
In Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillae bones
Function: Warm + Filter air, Lightens skull
Pg 16

11. Mouth = Oral Cavity Opening of alimentary canal Lined with mucosa
Thick, stratified squamous epithelium (slightly keratinized in some parts)
Boundaries
Anterior = lips
Lateral = cheeks
Posterior = oropharynx
Superior = palate
Inferior = tongue
Pg 617

12. Some Muscles of Face
Lips (labia) + Cheeks: Keep food in mouth during chewing
Lips: Orbicularis oris
Cheeks: Muscles of Mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Buccinator
Digastric
Pterygoids

13. Muscles of Mastication
Name
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Pterygoids (med & lat)
Pterygoid plate (sphenoid), Maxilla, Palatine bone
Mandible
Elevate & Protract Mandible
Trigeminal N.
(branch V3)
Digastric
Mandible, Mastoid process (temporal)
Hyoid bone (indirectly)
Elevate hyoid, Depress mandible
Masseter
Zygomatic arch and bone
Mandible (angle and ramus)
Elevates mandible
Temporalis
Temporal bone
Coronoid process of mandible (indirectly)
Elevates & retracts mandible

14. Palate Hard palate (anterior 2/3) Soft palate (posterior 1/3)
Made of bone
Covered with mucosa
Tongue pushes food against it during chewing
Soft palate (posterior 1/3)
Made of skeletal muscle
Covered by mucosa
Ends in the uvula
Closes nasopharynx during swallowing

15. Tongue bitter sour salty sweet Pg 618 Functions Creates floor of mouth
Grips and moves food between teeth during chewing
Mixes food with saliva = BOLUS
Moves bolus down pharynx
Speech production
Houses taste buds (= gustation)
Creates floor of mouth
Attachments: hyoid, mandible, styloid process, soft palate
Made of Skeletal muscle w/CT septum
Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles
Innervation
Motor = Hypoglossal (CN XII)
Sensory = Mandibular (CN V3), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
sour
salty
sweet
Pg 618

16. Salivary Glands Exocrine, tubuloalveolar glands Produce Saliva
H2O, Ions, Mucus, Enzymes
Internal salivary glands are small
In mucosa of tongue, lips, palate, cheeks
Keep areas wet
External salivary glands are large, have ducts
External to mouth
Provide saliva when necessary or anticipated
2 Submandibular, 2 Sublingual, 2 Parotid glands

17. Salivary Glands Moisten mouth, wet food Dissolve food to taste
Bind food together
Begin to break down starch
Neutralize mouth acid
Kill harmful microorganisms
Promote beneficial bacteria
Pg 618

18. The story of teeth from eruption to edentate
Tiny Tabitha’s Teeth
The story of teeth from eruption to edentate

19. Tiny Tabitha: Age 4 days Number of Erupted Teeth = 0
Ultimate Goal = 32 Teeth
Incisors (8): rip, cut
Canines (4): tear and pierce
Premolars (8): grinding
Molars (12): grinding
Estimated Time of Completion = years
Currently jaws covered by gingiva (gum): is oral mucosa = lots of drooling

20. Tabitha’s First Tooth Deciduous (Milk) = 20
8 Incisors = 6-10 months
4 Canines = months
4 1st Molars = months
4 2nd Molars = months
Dental Formula: describes number, kind & position of teeth in ½ of the mouth
canines
premolars
molars
2:1:0:2
Incisors
X 2 = 20

21. Tabitha’s Teeth Function: Ingestion and mechanical breakdown of food
Alveoli: sockets in mandible and maxilla teeth sit in
Periodontal Ligament: collagen fibers anchor tooth in bony socket
Gomphosis
Cementum: calcified connective tissue attaching tooth to periodontal ligament
Pg 620

22. Gross Anatomy of a Tooth
Pg 620
Crown = area above gingiva
Neck = (gumline) where crown and root meet
Root = area below neck in alveolus

23. Tabitha’s Teeth Begin to Tumble
Around 7 years of age the periodontal ligaments & roots of deciduous teeth are eroded = teeth fall out
Permanent teeth begin to erupt between 7-13 years
3rd Molars (Wisdom Teeth) may not erupt until years
End Result: Adult Dental Formula
premolars
2:1:2:3
X 2 = 32

24. Tabitha’s Tooth Troubles
College --> too much junkfood = CAVITIES (caries)
Bacteria erodes through the outer enamel covering of tooth
Avascular, Acellular
Mostly calcium salts
Not renewed or replaced
Hardest substance in body
In severe cases it erodes the deeper dentin of tooth
Made of minerals & collagen
Is maintained during life
Harder than bone
Bulk of tooth
Pg 620

25. Tabitha’s Tooth Trauma!
Most severe cases erosion penetrates pulp cavity
Center of tooth
Pulp = loose CT w/ vessels & nerves
Supplies nutrients to hard tissues
Root canal: part of pulp cavity in root
Apical Foramen: opening of pulp cavity into root canal
Artery: Sup/Inf Alveolar aa, branches of Ext Carotid a
Innervation:
Maxilla = Superior Alveolar Nerves
Mandible = Inferior Alveolar Nerves
Pg 620

26. Tabitha’s Teeth: the later years
Tabitha graduates college, begins to take better care of her teeth (i.e. consistent brushing, flossing & dental visits), and leads a normal happy tooth-filled life UNTIL………
GINGIVITIS…..(inflammation of the gingiva caused by plaque accumulation) leads to…..

27. Toodaloo Tabitha’s Teeth
PERIODONTITIS
Infection of periodontal ligament leading to its destruction and that of the bone around teeth
Leading to……..
TOOTHLESSNESS!!!

28. Pharynx = “Throat” Connects nasal cavity & mouth to esophagus & larynx
Runs from skull to C6
Carries food and air
Lined with skeletal muscle
Divided into 3 regions
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Pg 617

29. Tonsils Swellings of mucosal lining of pharynx Simple lymph organs
MALT: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Form ring around opening of pharynx
4 groups
Palatine (pair)
Lingual
Pharyngeal
Tubal (pair)
Pg 570

30. Regions of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Pg 584

31. Nasopharynx: Only carries air
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Location
Posterior to Nasal Cavity
Inferior to Sphenoid bone
Superior to Soft Palate
Closed off during swallowing by soft palate & uvula
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Tubal tonsils

32. Oropharynx: Carries Food & Air
Thick, protruding stratified squamosal epithelium due to great friction
Location
Posterior to Oral Cavity
Runs from Soft Palate to Epiglottis
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

33. Laryngopharynx: Carries Food & Air
Stratified squamosal epithelium
Location
Posterior to Larynx
Continuous with esophagus (digestive system)
Continuous with larynx (respiratory system)

34. Moving the Bolus Swallowing Peristalsis = propulsion
Voluntarily initiated (pharynx)
Suprahyoid, Infrahyoid, Pharyngeal constrictors
Peristalsis = propulsion
Involuntary
Alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls (e.g. esophagus)
Squeezes food from one organ to next
Some mixing
Pg 611

35. Hyoid Bone Only bone not directly articulated with other bones
Attaches via ligaments to temporal bone, larynx
Components
Body
Pair of Greater Horns
Pair of Lesser Horns
Functions
Moveable base for tongue
Attachment for sternohyoid, thyrohyoid
Superior attachment for larynx
Pg 163

36. Larynx = “voicebox” Location: C4-6 Attachments Innervation = vagus
Low in neck for speech
Attachments
Superiorly = hyoid bone
Inferiorly = trachea
Innervation = vagus
Functions
Voice production
Airway
Routes food/air
Pg 570

37. Laryngeal Cartilages 9 Cartilages connected by ligaments & membranes
1 Epiglottis
1 Thyroid
1 Cricoid
2 Arytenoid
2 Corniculate
2 Cuneiform
Superior part = stratified squamosal epithelium
Below vocal cords= ciliated pseudostratified columnar

38. Laryngeal Cartilages Epiglottis Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage
Elastic cartilage; Mucosa covering
Projects upward from anterior wall of laryngeal inlet to level of base of tongue
Thyroid Cartilage
Large, shield shaped, made of 2 plates
Laryngeal prominence
Cricoid Cartilage
Shaped like signet ring
Between thyroid cartilage and trachea

39. Laryngeal Cartilages
Pg 587

40. Vocal Cords Located in larynx
Vocal ligaments run from arytenoid and thyroid cartilages
Elastic fibers covered by mucosa
True vocal cords = Mucosal folds
Exhaled air passes over them causing vibration
Force of air = volume
Length & tension of folds = pitch
“False” vocal cords = Vestibular folds
lie superior to true pair, no role in voice production
Pg 588

41. The Vocal Cords Thyroid cartilage True Vocal Folds Aretynoid cartilage
False Vocal Folds
True Vocal Folds

42. Thyroid Gland Location: Endocrine Gland Blood Supply:
Along trachea, just inferior to larynx
“Butterfly” shape
Endocrine Gland
Thyroid hormone (TH): increases basal metabolic rate
Calcitonin: depresses excessive levels of Ca2+ in blood
Blood Supply:
Superior thyroid arteries (branches of ext. carotids)
Inferior thyroid arteries (branches of subclavians)
Pg 718

43. The Parathyroid Glands
Usually 4
Posterior thyroid
Parathyroid hormone, parathormone or PTH
Increases Ca++ levels in blood

44. Triangles of the Neck
Each half of the neck can be divided into 2 triangles:
1 Anterior and 1 Posterior

45. Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Name
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Sternocleido-mastoid
Manubrium, clavicle
Mastoid proc. (temporal bone), nuchal line (occipital bone)
Flex or rotate head
Accessory n.
Sternohyoid
Hyoid bone
Depress larynx & hyoid
C1-C3 spinal nerves
Sternothyroid
Manubrium
Thyroid cartilage of larynx
Moves thyroid cartilage, larynx, hyoid inferiorly

46. Anterior Triangle of the Neck
Boundaries
Superior = Inferior margin of Mandible
Anterior = Midline of Neck
Posterior = Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Contents
Muscles: Suprahyoid, Infrahyoid
Artery: Carotid
Vein: Internal Jugular, External Jugular
Nerve: Accessory
Glands: Submandibular

47. Posterior Triangle of the Neck
Boundaries
Anterior = Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Posterior = Trapezius muscle
Inferior = Clavicle
Contents
Nerves: Phrenic, Accessory, Cervical Plexus,Brachial Plexus
Artery: Subclavian
Vein: External Jugular

48. Triangles of the Neck
pg 739