1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Science Medical Technology Department Eman Nife Abu Namouse 220051608 Supervised by Dr. Abdelraouf A. Elmanama

3. الله أسال أن يبارك جمعكم ويمدكم بالخير و الفضل الأعم و الحمد لله على آلائه ما شع ضوء فوق ساحات الحرم ثم الصلاة على الحبيب المصطفى.. ما رق طير.. في الخمائل والحجم...

4. Staining is a biochemical technique of adding a class-specific (DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. It is similar to fluorescent tagging.

5. SIMPLE STAIN DIFFERENTIAL STAIN

6. Capsules are structures that lay outside of an organism's cell wall and thus are in direct contact with the environment. Many, perhaps most, bacteria produce capsules under the right conditions Some capsules are composed of POLYALCOHOLS or AMINO ACID POLYMERS

8. 1.Protect the cell from desiccation (drying)) 2.Protect the cell from phagocytes (being engulfed by white blood cells) 3.Provide a food reserve when certain organic compounds are in excess. 4.A virulence determinant of pathogenic microbes 5.They serve as binding or adhesion agents for sticking cells together and/or to a surface such as a rock in flowing stream or a tooth

9. Bacterial capsules are non-ionic, so neither acidic nor basic stains will adhere to their surfaces Because most capsule materials are water soluble, simple stains will not adhere to them

10.  The capsule is a major virulence factor in the major disease-causing bacteria, such as:-  Klebsiella pneumoniae or Enterobacter aerogenes (slant)  Streptococcus lactis  Escherichia coli

11. 1. Detection of dental plaque Light micrograph of S. mutans

12. 2.Detection of Anthrax B. anthracis A lesion on the 10the day of anthrax infection

13. . 3.Detection of Cataracts

14. . In this stain we use acidic and basic Acidic dye as India Ink and Nigrosen use to stain the background of the slide but basic dye as methylene blue and crystal violet use to stain the cell

15. Older cultures are more likely to exhibit capsule production. When performing a capsule stain on your unknown, be sure the culture you take your sample from is at least five days old

16. Clean slid microscope India Ink and Methylene Wash bottle Bibulous paper Culture of bacteria.Sterile loop

19. .

20. Capsule stain of Streptococcus lactis.

22. Capsule stain of Enterobacter aerogenes

24. Bacillus megaterium capsule stain

25. Reference http://howie.myweb.uga.edu/usage.html http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/101lab 7.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining_(biology)

26. تم الكلام و ربنا محمود وله المكارم و العلا والجود وعلى النبي محمد صلواته ما ناح قمري و أورق عود