1. Observation of bacteria using staining procedures Simple staining Gram staining

2. Simple Staining Smear preparation: –A drop of water is placed in the centre of a slide –One loopfuls of organisms is transferred to the centre of slide –Spread the organisms over the slide –The smear is allowed to dry –Slide is passed through flame several times to heat-kill and fix organisms A bacterial stain is stained with crystal violet (fuchsin, methylene blue) 1 min Stain is briefly washed off slide with water Allow the slide to air- dry and examine with an oil immersion objective

3. Bacillus subtilis

4. Gram Staining 1884 Christian Gram Staining technique that separates bacteria into two groups: Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Based on the ability to retain crystal violet during decolorization with alcohol Gram-positive cell wall Gram-negative cell wall

5. 1.Step. Fixation, staining with crystal violet 2. Step. Gram`s iodine 3. Step. Ethyl alcohol4. Step. Counterstaining with fuchsin G+ violet (blue) G- red (pink)

7. Grampositive bacteria Steptococcus Staphylococcus Lactobacillus Bacillus Clostridium

8. Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia Salmonella Vibrio Treponema

9. Gram Staining Smear preparation. Stain with crystal violet 1 min. Add Lugol solution 1 min. Decolorize with alcohol 10-15 seconds. Wash with water. Stain with fuchsin 2 min Allow the slide to air-dry Examine with an oil immersion objective