1. Constraints on the Dark Side of the Universe Alessandro Melchiorri

2. Fogli et al., Phys. Rev. D 75, 053001 (2007)

3. A model without cosmological constant is now ruled out at more than 18 sigma! Friedmann Cosmological Model works only if:

4. Why so small ? Why now ?

5. COSMOLOGICAL COSTANT vs “Something else” Vs.

6. WMAP Cosmological Parameters, Spergel et al., 2007

7. Dark Energy Parametrizations (Just a Few…) Wanilla Parametrization CPL Parametrization Hannestad Mortsell Parametrization Unified Models: Chaplygin

8. When did Cosmic acceleration start? In cosmology we can define two very important epochs: Redshift and Time of Matter-Dark energy equality Redshift and Time of onset of cosmic acceleration Those two epochs can be different, for the case of a cosmological constant we have: But we may have a different relation for different dark Energy models…

9. Melchiorri, Pagano, Pandolfi, PRD, 2007 Cosmological Constant

10. Melchiorri, Pagano, Pandolfi, PRD, 2007 When cosmological data are combined, the redshift of The onset of cosmic acceleration is consistent between the different parametrization of w.

11. AM, Luca Pagano, Stefania Pandolfi arXiv:0706.131 Phys. Rev. D 76, 041301 (2007) When did Cosmic acceleration start? Results are reasonably consistent between datasets (tension between 2dF and SDSS) and DE parametrizations. Age constraints change a lot if you include extra hot dark matter or Curvature.

12. Bayesian Model Selection Likelihood Prior Jeffrey(1961): Current cosmological data are in agreement with more complicated Dark energy parametrizations, but do we need more parameters ? More complicated models should give better fits to the data. In model selection we have to pay the larger number of parameters (see e.g. Mukherjee et al., 2006): Evidence

13. P. Serra, A. Heavens, A. Melchiorri Astro-ph/0701338 MNRAS, 379, 1,169 2007 More Parameters Current data: “Substantial” Evidence for a cosmological constant…

14. Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect while most cmb anisotropies arise on the last scattering surface, some may be induced by passing through a time varying gravitational potential: linear regime – integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) non-linear regime – Rees-Sciama effect when does the linear potential change? Poisson’s equation constant during matter domination decays after curvature or dark energy come to dominate (z~1) induces an additional, uncorrelated layer of large scale anisotropies

15. two independent maps Integrated Sachs-Wolfe map Mostly large angular features Early time map (z > 4) Mostly from last scattering surface Observed map is total of these, and has features of both (3 degree resolution)

16. compare with large scale structure potential depth changes as cmb photons pass through time dependent gravitational potential observer density of galaxies traces the potential depth ISW fluctuations are correlated with the galaxy distribution! since the decay happens slowly, we need to see galaxies at high redshifts (z~1)  active galaxies (quasars, radio, or hard x-ray sources)  possibility of accidental correlations means full sky needed

17. Giannantonio et al, ‘06 Current Observational status

19. Corasaniti, Giannantonio, AM, Phys.Rev. D71 (2005) 123521

20. A Test for departure from Einstein General Relativity with Cosmological Constant Consider the FRW perturbed metric in conformal gauge: For standard LCDM (no radiation) we have: Newtonian Potential: Strenght of gravity Longitudinal Potential: Amount of curvature produced per unit rest mass Modification to General Relativity may lead to a different relation: Degeneracy with anisotropic stresses from relativistic fluids: Caldwell, Cooray, AM, Phys. Rev. D 76, 023507 (2007)

21. Let’s assume: Caldwell, Cooray, AM, Phys. Rev. D 76, 023507 (2007)

22. Caldwell, Cooray, AM, Phys. Rev. D 76, 023507 (2007): But we get more information from ISW-Galaxy cross correlation: Correlation could be negative ! From ISW data we get (at 95%c.l.):

23. A direct proof for dark energy ?

24. Can we constrain H(z) directly ? Investigated by Sandage 1961, Loeb proposed the use of Lyman- alpha in 1998 (see Corasaniti, Huterer,AM, Phys. Rev. D 75, 062001 (2007) ) (assuming CODEX-like Experiment see Pasquini, Molaro et al. 2006)

25. ELT: Extreme Large Telescope 42m telescope (in 10 years time) + CODEX Spectrograph (see Pasquini et al., 2005)

26. Can we constrain H(z) directly ? SL test is definitly for “patient” Cosmologists ! Not competitive with WL and SN-Ia For constant w. It may shed light on non-standard Models as DE/DM Interaction

28. Bounds on  for increasingly rich data sets (assuming 3 Active Neutrino model): Fogli et al., Phys. Rev. D 75, 053001 (2007)

31. Axel De La Macorra, Alessandro Melchiorri, Paolo Serra, Rachel Bean Astroparticle Physics 27 (2007) 406-410 Massive Neutrino affect the constraints on w Steen Hannestad Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 221301

32. Moreover, controversial results from LSND seems to suggest a 4th sterile neutrino (not favoured by oscillation experiments. NO ALLOWED REGIONS EXIST FOR LOW  m 2. (Pierce & Murayama, hep-ph/0302131; Giunti hep-ph/0302173)

33. What about a fourth massive sterile neutrino ? CMB+2df+ Sloan+Ly-  m s <0.23 eV at 95% c.l. Dodelson, Melchiorri, Slosar, Phys.Rev.Lett. 97 (2006) 04301

34. Miniboone results, April 2007 “excludes” LSND April 2007 MINIBOONE RULES OUT LSND: WE “KNEW” IT !!!

35. Butts on the line "The implications were staggering," says Scott Dodelson at Fermilab. "Cosmologically, we decided there should not be a sterile neutrino, so to some extent, our butts were on the line." New Scientist, April 2007, (immediately after MiniBOONE press release)

36. Indication for N>3 from Cosmology ? Mangano, Melchiorri, Mena, Miele, Slosar JCAP03(2007)006

37. Systematics in the data ?

38. Can the suggestion of N>3 be due to systematics in SLOAN ? Hamann et al. Suggested a wrong assumption on how non- linearities are treated (Q parameter). From Numerical simulations: Quite Robust For 2df-GRS but it depends on galaxy type And modelling

39. If you fix Q=5 for 2df and SLOAN you get different results:

40. But if you vary Q The difference is Still there… 2dfGRS Red galaxies are In agreement With SLOAN …but LRG galaxies Are in agremeent With 2df! The Q formula does’nt work… Sanchez, Cole Arxiv:07081517

41. Mangano, Melchiorri, Mena, Miele, Slosar JCAP03(2007)006

42. Age of the Universe CMB data are able to tightly constrain the age of the Universe (see e.g. Ferreras, AM, Silk, 2002). For WMAP+all and LCDM: Spergel et al., 2007 Direct and “model independent” age aestimates have much larger error bars ! Not so good for constraining DE (if w is included)

43. Age of the Universe …however the WMAP constrain is model dependent. Key parameter: energy density in relativistic particles. Error bars on age a factor 10 larger when Extra Relativistic particles are Included. F. De Bernardis, A. Melchiorri, L. Verde, R. Jimenez, 2007

45. Independent age aestimates are important. Using Simon, Verde, Jimenez aestimates plus WMAPall we get:

46. Vernizzi, Melchiorri, Phys.Rev. D63 (2001) 063501 Looking at the distant past…