1. GLOPEM Political Theory and Political Thought MODULE 1 Political Thought and European Democracy (3 cfu) G. Costanzo

2. Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu 1689 - 1755

3. 1748 1748 31 books 31 books

4. Forms of government Quantity/nature = Who? Quantity/nature = Who? Quality/principle = How? Quality/principle = How?

5. Forms of government Republican government Republican government - Democratical virtue - Democratical virtue - Aristocratical moderation - Aristocratical moderation Monarchical honor Monarchical honor Despotical fear Despotical fear

6. Forms of Government: Democratic Rep. Government Democratic Rep. Government “Athens and Rome” “Athens and Rome” Aristocratic Rep. Government Aristocratic Rep. Government “Venice” “Venice” Monarchical Government Monarchical Government “France” “France” Despotical Government Despotical Government “Turkish empire” “Turkish empire”

7. Powers Legislative Legislative Executive Executive Judiciary Judiciary

8. Risks Legislative + Judiciary Legislative + Judiciary Arbitrary control Arbitrary control Legislative + executive Legislative + executive Tyrannical laws Tyrannical laws

9. Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy (moderate government) (moderate government) Despotic government Despotic government (not separated powers) (not separated powers)

10. English constitutional government Political freedom Political freedom Separation of powers Separation of powers

11. Democratic government Virtue Virtue - equality - equality - frugality - frugality

12. Dangers External External - foreign force - foreign force Internal Internal - spirit of inequality - spirit of inequality - spirit of extreme equality - spirit of extreme equality

13. Against external dangers: Federal Republic Federal Republic - internal advantages - internal advantages - external advantages - external advantages

14. Debate Monarchical system Monarchical system Republican system Republican system Absolute monarchy Absolute monarchy Constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy Despotic government Despotic government Free government Free government

15. Locke Supremacy of the Legislative Liberty before constitution of three Powers Liberty before constitution of three Powers Montesquieu Equality of Powers Liberty derives from separation of Powers Liberty derives from separation of Powers