1. Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe (19 th and 20 th century) Christoph Mick Lecture 5 Polish History - Only text slides – Week 7

2. Outline 1.The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 2. The Nobleman‘s Heaven 3. From the Deluge to he Partitions of Poland 4. Poland in the 19th century 5. Conclusion

3. 966 Mieszko I (Piast dynasty) was baptised – Latin Church 997 Bishop Adalbert (Wojciech) dies – first national saint Polands 1000 Act of Gniezno, Otto III and Boleslaw the Brave 1025 Boleslaw crowned as first Polish King 1050 Polish court to Kraków 1126 Mazovian Prince Conrad invited the Order of Teutonic Knights to Northern Poland 1241 Mongol invasion, stopped in Silesia

4. 1333 Casimir the Great (III) crowned – golden era of Polish Middle ages, new towns, conquest of Southwest Rus 1364 Krakow University founded 1386 Personal Union between Grand Principality of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, Polish heiress Jadwiga marries Grandprince Jogaila (Jagiełło) of Lithuania (baptism of Lithuanians) – conflict with Teutonic Order 1410 Battle of Grunwald, Polish-Lithuanian troops defeat Teutonic Order 1466 Treaty of Toruń between Poland and Teutonic Order, Gdańsk to Poland, control of West Prussia 1525 Teutonic Order was secularized and became vassal of Poland

5. Outline 1.The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 2. The Nobleman‘s Heaven 3. From the Deluge to he Partitions of Poland 4. Poland in the 19th century 5. Conclusion

6. Union of Lublin 1569  United Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Lithuania in one single state – the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth  The monarch (King of Poland and Grand Prince of Lithuania) was elected by the Polish and Lithuanian nobility and crowned in Cracow  Common Parliament (Sejm)  Common Foreign Policy and Currency  But separate administrations, judicial systems, finances, armies

7. An old Latin proverb proclaimed that the Polish Commonwealth was "heaven for the nobles, purgatory for the townsfolk, hell for the peasants, and paradise for the Jews."

8. Henri de Valois 1573-1574 Stefan Batory 1576-1586 Zygmunt III Waza 1587-1632 Władislaw IV Waza 1632-1648 Jan II Kazimierz Waza 1648-1668 Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki 1669-1673 Jan III Sobieski 1674-1696 August II 1697-1733 (from Saxony) Stanisław Leszczynski 1704-1709 & 1733-1735 August III 1733-1763 (from Saxony) Stanisław August Poniatowski 1764-1795 Elected Polish Kings

9.  Commands the Army  Calls the banns of the nobility together, but needs the approval of the Sejm  Is not responsible to the Sejm, but has to obey the Articuli Henriciani and the Pacta Conventa  Supreme power off sessions of the Sejm  Appoints ambassadors, but his right to give them directives is restricted  Appoints high officials and commanders of the Army, but cannot easily dismiss them  Appoints bishops  Controls crowland and can give them as a feud Prerogatives of the King (ca. 1600)

10. Liberum Veto Widerstandsrecht des Adels Konföderation Zerrissener Reichstag Liberum Veto (Latin "free veto") was a parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth that allowed any deputy of the Sejm to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify all legislation already passed during the session.erstmals 1652 angewandt: If the king violates ‚natural law‘, the Articuli Articuli Henriciani or the Pacta Conventa (de non praestanda-obedienta) does the nobility have the right to organise restance against the king An alliance of noblemen, to act for national interests but also to act for particular interests, the King can be part of such a confederation Parliament, which finishes a session period without having made any decisions, without a law having passed – because of use of Liberum Veto

11. Outline 1.The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 2. The Nobleman‘s Heaven 3. From the Deluge to he Partitions of Poland 4. Poland in the 19th century 5. Conclusion

12. Wars 1576-1699 1576-1582 War against Moscow 1600-1611 War against Sweden (Zebrzydowski-Rebellion 1606/7) 1609-1619 War against Moscow 1582 Victory: Gain of Livland and Polock Polish victories, but no changes Victory, Peace of Deulina, Gain of Smolensk and Chernigov 1620-1621 War against Ottoman Empire 1621-1629 War against Sweden 1632-1634 War against Moscow, Auseinandersetzungen with Sweden No changes Defeat: Peace of Altmark, Sweden gains some coastal cities Victory: Renewal of Deulina Sweden gives coastal cities back, confirmation of Polish rule in Livland 1648-1654 Cossack Uprising 1654-1655 War against Moscow 1655-1660 War against Sweden (Potop – Deluge) 1658-1667 War against Moscow 1665-1666 Lubomirski Uprising 1672-1676, 1683-1699 Wars against Ottoman Empire Mostly defeats, some victories Stopped 1660 Peace of Oliva: Status quo, Loss of Livland Defeat: Peace of Andrusovo: Loss of leftbank Ukraine with Kiev Defeat and Victory: Loss and Regain of Podolia and part of rightbank Ukraine

13. Constitution of May 3rd 1.Catholic confession – state religion, other confessions/religions tolerated 2.Nobility: liberties and rights confirmed 3.Towns and burghers: persönliche Untastbarkeit, right to buy land, access to many offices, not represented in Parliament (Sejm) 4.Peasants: legal protection, rights and possessions guaranteed, new foreign settlers completely free 5.Division of power: Executive (King and government), Legislation (Sejm), independent judicial system 6.King from House Wettin (Saxony) – new ruling family 7.Army: Polish people/nation has to defend herself – people‘s army

14. Outline 1.The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 2. The Nobleman‘s Heaven 3. From the Deluge to he Partitions of Poland 4. Poland in the 19th century 5. Conclusion

15. Polish Emigration Conservative-aristocratic (Czartoryski in Hotel Lambert) Moderate democratic: Polish National Committee Radical: Polish Democratic Society(TDP)

16. LoyalismCollaborationSurrenderTreasonDuty ResistanceIdealismRebellionIndependenceTreason ConciliationRealismModerationCollaborationModeration Emigration Norman Davies, Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland’s Present. New Edition (Oxford, 2001), p. 157

17. Organic Work Starting point: failed insurrections Poland culturally and economically too underdeveloped to sustain an independent state New strategy: Improve industry and trade in the Polish provinces Build towns and railways Organize cooperatives and organize Polish peasantry Raise the literacy and the national consciousness of the population Important advocates: Stańczyk group in Cracow and Warsaw positivists

18. Outline 1.Geography and Cultural Influences 2. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 3. The Noblemen‘s Paradise 4. From the Deluge to the Partitions of Poland 5. Poland in the 19th century 6. Conclusion

19. Why was Poland partitioned and what can be done to regain independence? God’s Punishment – Sins Evilness of Prussia, Austria, Russia – Break of international law Weakness of old Polish Constitution – Anarchy, not Liberty Guilt of noble factions - treason Oppression of peasants Polish Backwardness Back to Catholic values, support Catholic Church, pray and live virtuous life Uprisings, waiting for international crisis, European war Restitution of May Constitution 1791, liberal Constitution, stronger government Fight against traitors, replacement of nobility in national leadership Liberation of peasants, (National) Education of Peasants Modernisation, Polish Middle Class, Organic Work