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Ramsoc: Grade 1 Theory Aim: To build confidence in the areas of basic navigation and group management.
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Introduction Introduction
Grade 1 is the first session in the Ramsoc training programme This is an optional preparation for Grade 2 (leadership training) You won’t necessarily have to lead walks afterwards! We hope to build your confidence and inspire you to go on further in the training program Grade 1 is the first session in the Ramsoc training programme This is an optional preparation for Grade 2 (leadership training) You won’t necessarily have to lead walks afterwards! We hope to build your confidence and inspire you to go on further in the training program
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What is Grade 1 Grade 1 Low level walks Mainly in the White Peak
Some easier Dark Peak and Weekend Walks Only basic Navigation is necessary Walks will normally not exceed 400m above sea level Grade 2 Medium level walks Rising between 366m and 671m above sea level Often leading walks in the Dark Peak and medium level walks on weekends Grade 3 High level walks in mountainous areas Also includes moorland and regions were it would take more than an hour to reach habitation Walks include those in Snowdonia, Lake District and The Yorkshire Dales
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Introduction Today's Training Team :
Tom Blann ~ Mountain Leader Trained, Club President Graham Parkes ~ ML Trained, Past Ramblesec Dave Roberts ~ ML Trained, Past Ramblesec Mike Slevin ~ ML Trained, Safety Officer
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Introduction Today's training will be split into two sections:
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 2: Group Management With session 1 lasting 70 minutes Then there will be a 5 minute interval Concluding with session 2 lasting 50 minutes Q and A Sessions at the end of both sections
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Learning Objectives for part 1: By the end of the session participants will be able to: Understand the Grid System in the UK Be able to give an accurate 6 figure grid reference Accurately interpret common map symbols Understand the nature of the map as a two dimensional plan. Relate a map to the land and vice versa Orientate a map Know the relevant parts of a magnetic compass and be able to take a bearing Understand and interpret contour lines and landforms Understand how rights of way are shown on the map. Be confident in using a map and compass to safely navigate in lowland areas such as the Peak District
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Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system A distinctive feature of British maps is the grid structure of blue lines superimposed over the whole country Grid lines form the basis of a numerical reference system A distinctive feature of British maps is the grid structure of blue lines superimposed over the whole country Grid lines form the basis of a numerical reference system A distinctive feature of British maps is the grid structure of blue lines superimposed over the whole country Grid lines form the basis of a numerical reference system This allows any point to be pinpointed and communicated
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Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system Initially the UK is split into squares measuring 500km2 and denoted by letters Initially the UK is split into squares measuring 500km2 and denoted by letters Initially the UK is split into squares measuring 500km2 and denoted by letters
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Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system Initially the UK is split into squares measuring 500km2 and denoted by letters These Squares are then systematically broken down into progressively smaller squares Each area is then subdivided into squares with sides of 1km that form the overlay on a standard OS 1:25000 map
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Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Understanding the UK grid system Understanding the UK grid system 14 13
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Understanding the UK grid system
Session 1: Basic Navigation Understanding the UK grid system Initially the UK is split into squares measuring 500km2 and denoted by letters These Squares are then systematically broken down into progressively smaller squares Each area is then subdivided into squares with sides of 1km that form the overlay on a standard OS 1:25000 map Each of these grid squares is assigned a specific four-figure reference There is however a margin for error with this system, and confusion does at times occur
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6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References The main reason for printing a grid system on maps is to create a numerical system for defining a specific location To ensure accuracy a 6 figure grid reference is used These can be estimated by eye or measured using a ruler, or with a Romer (often found on the base plate of a compass) It is important to understand how to give an accurate 6 figure grid reference
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6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in.
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6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in. How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in. How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in. How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in. 14 13
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6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in. Establish the Easting’s (those lines running from West to East) and the Northing’s (those lines running from South to North) remembering that when you read a grid reference you go horizontally first then vertically (along the corridor then up the stairs)
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6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References 14 Grid Ref: 2613 14 13 13
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6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in. Establish the Easting’s (those lines running from West to East) and the Northing’s (those lines running from South to North) remembering that when you read a grid reference you go horizontally first then vertically (along the corridor then up the stairs) Imagine the 1km square to be split into 10 increments
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6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
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6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in. Establish the Easting’s (those lines running from West to East) and the Northing’s (those lines running from South to North) remembering that when you read a grid reference you go horizontally first then vertically (along the corridor then up the stairs) Imagine the 1km square to be split into 10 increments Locate the smaller square closest to the object your are identifying
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6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
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6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References 6 Figure Grid References How to take a 6 figure grid reference Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in. Establish the Easting’s (those lines running from West to East) and the Northing’s (those lines running from South to North) remembering that when you read a grid reference you go horizontally first then vertically (along the corridor then up the stairs) Imagine the 1km square to be split into 10 increments Locate the smaller square closest to the object your are identifying Read the grid reference as the intersect in the bottom left hand corner of that square The grid reference for the red square is therefore: 263136
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6 Figure Grid References
Session 1: Basic Navigation 6 Figure Grid References Activity In pairs or small groups try taking an accurate 6 figure grid reference You will all be given a map and asked to give a grid reference for three different locations or objects, see if you can accurately identify them
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Map Symbols Map Symbols Session 1: Basic Navigation
It is important to be able to identify commonly used map symbols (especially this one, PH) Being able to correctly identify map symbols will not only help you to navigate but may be useful to determine suitability of terrain, allow for a more precise description of your location or to avoid potential dangers A definitive list of symbols can be found on the key of any OS map
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Map Symbols Map Symbols Session 1: Basic Navigation
Activity A quick quiz to see how many regularly used OS Map symbols and denotations you already know!
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Map Symbols Map Symbols Session 1: Basic Navigation
Fingers on Buzzers Or Hands in the air when you think you know the answer
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Railway Station
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Footpath
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols National Trail
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Main / Trunk Road
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Camping / Caravanning site
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols View Point
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Access land Boundary
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Public Telephone
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Parking
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Nature Reserve
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Place of worship with a spire
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Place of worship with a tower
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Youth Hostel
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols School
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Public Convenience
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Electricity Transmission Line
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Quarry
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Footbridge
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Non Coniferous / Coniferous trees
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Well Spring
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Map Symbols Marsh / Reeds
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Relating the map to the ground
Session 1: Basic Navigation Relating the map to the ground Interpreting a map correctly is the most basic and useful navigational skill Maps are simply an accurate picture of the ground as seen from above, scaled down from life size and with symbols to show particular features and landmarks An OS map is a 2D representation of a 3D landscape
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Relating the map to the ground
Session 1: Basic Navigation Relating the map to the ground It shows all of the necessary detail to represent a 3D landscape using a variety of different techniques These Include: Contour lines Rivers and streams Areas of Trees Roads and Paths Different types of terrain Walls Buildings
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Relating the map to the ground
Session 1: Basic Navigation Relating the map to the ground The most important and reliable information found on a map are provided by contours These allow the map reader to build a mental picture of the three dimensional shape of the land Other features can then be superimposed over the top of this land form e.g. Buildings, Streams, Walls etc.
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Relating the map to the ground
Session 1: Basic Navigation Relating the map to the ground It should be remembered that these features might change over time, paths or even streams reroute themselves and walls become removed or fall down Although Maps are very accurate, occasionally minor errors occur. Also the man made landscape can change quickly drastically altering what can be seen on the land
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Orientating the Map Why is Orientating a map important? To aid the process of relating the map to the ground How do we orientate the map?
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Orientating the Map By eye: Rotate the map so landmarks you can see such as lakes, roads, FP’s and buildings align with map If you hold the map up you should be able to directly align it to the landscape using these features
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Orientating the Map Using a Compass: Set the dial to 0o Line up the edge of the compass with a vertical grid line (Northing) Leaving the orientation arrow on the baseplate pointing upwards Rotate both the map and compass together until the Red needle is lined up with the orientation arrow
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Orientating the Map We will go into more detail on this at the practical session on Sunday
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Contours and Features Contour Lines: Join points of equal height above sea level Are shown on the map as Brown / Orange lines Usually at 10m Intervals but check on the map Every 5th line is an index contour and will be slightly bolder Show inclination of the land as well as slope and aspect
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Contours and Features Contour Lines: The closer the contour lines are together the steeper the slope Contours will be marked with their relative heights at different intervals It is important to identify when a contour is showing an incline or decline For ridges the point of the V points towards lower ground For valleys the point of the V points towards higher land Note: usually a stream can be found in a valley
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Contours and Features Contour Features Often you find typical features formed by contours such as: Ridges, Saddles, Valleys and Knoll’s These will be covered in more detailed in Grade 2 Here is an example of contour lines using the software Memory Map
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
The Compass How many parts of a compass can you identify?
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
The Compass
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings What is a bearing? A bearing is the angle of direction of one object or destination from another Why might it be necessary to use a bearing as a method of navigation Poor visibility Lack of other navigational features i.e. On top of Kinder For reassurance
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings How to take a bearing Find the two points on the map that you want to travel from and to. Line up your compass edge between the two points, so that your direction of travel arrow is pointing to your destination.
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings How to take a bearing Find the two points on the map that you want to travel from and to. Line up your compass edge between the two points, so that your direction of travel arrow is pointing to your destination. Rotate the compass housing to align the orienting lines with the north-south grid lines on the map
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings How to take a bearing Find the two points on the map that you want to travel from and to. Line up your compass edge between the two points, so that your direction of travel arrow is pointing to your destination. Rotate the compass housing to align the orienting lines with the north-south lines on the map Rotate the compass housing to compensate for magnetic variation
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings How to take a bearing Find the two points on the map that you want to travel from and to. Line up your compass edge between the two points, so that your direction of travel arrow is pointing to your destination. Rotate the compass housing to align the orienting lines with the north-south lines on the map Rotate the compass housing to compensate for magnetic variation Remove the compass from the map, rotate the compass so that the north end of the needle and the orienting arrow are aligned and then proceed following the direction of travel arrow
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Bearings Get into pairs and spend a few minutes practicing how to take a bearing We will practice this technique a lot more in detail on Sundays practical session
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Session 1: Basic Navigation
Any Questions?
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5 Minute Break
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4 Minutes Left
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3 Minutes Left
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2 Minutes Left
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1 Minute Left
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Session 2: Group Management
The group should be “helped to lead itself as far as it is judged capable of safely doing so.” Eric Langmuir
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Session 2: Group Management
Learning Objectives for part 2: By the end of the session participants will be able to: Answer the Question, Why be a leader? Understand the role and responsibilities of a Ramsoc Leader Understand different leadership techniques Appropriately use tools for conflict management Use both their own and other leader’s strengths for the benefit of their group Cope with emergency situations likely to occur on the hill Identify and manage problems that might occur on the hill, including environmental and human hazards Feel confident in their ability to lead and manage a group on a G1 walk
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Session 2: Group Management
Why be a leader? Put your suggestions on the board Think - What motivates people to lead?
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Session 2: Group Management
Why be a leader? Rewarding – application of personal skills to benefit others Give something back to the club Further develop your personal skills i.e. leadership, navigation Meet people and get more out of the club because of increased involvement Get to choose lunch breaks!
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Roles and Responsibilities
Session 2: Group Management Roles and Responsibilities In pairs or small groups identify what you believe to be the Role of a Ramsoc leader In pairs or small groups identify what you believe to be the Responsibilities of a Ramsoc leader
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Roles and Responsibilities
Session 2: Group Management Roles and Responsibilities The Role of a walk leader will vary depending on the situation they’re in Typically roles will include Information or Opinion giver Motivator Co-ordinator Communication helper Listener Standard setter Decision maker Navigator
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Roles and Responsibilities
Session 2: Group Management Roles and Responsibilities The Responsibilities of a walk leader should always be present Your responsibilities as a Ramsoc walk leader will include: Setting Standards Ensuring the safety and well being of the group Route planning Encourage group cohesion Teach skills Get your group from A to B Adapt to different situations Maximising your groups enjoyment
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Roles and Responsibilities
Session 2: Group Management Roles and Responsibilities As a walk leader you also have a responsibility to different groups of people To Ramsoc To the Group To Individual group members To Yourself To the Public (Other walkers, Farmers etc.) To the Land
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Leadership Styles / Techniques
Session 2: Group Management Leadership Styles / Techniques Leadership Styles Three main types of leadership: Autocratic Democratic Subconscious control All three may be useful, but will probably be needed at different times As well as the two main types of Leadership there are many different leadership characteristics
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Leadership Styles / Techniques
Session 2: Group Management Leadership Styles / Techniques Leadership Characteristics What Leadership Characteristics can you come up with?
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Leadership Styles / Techniques
Session 2: Group Management Leadership Styles / Techniques Leadership Characteristics Consensus / Delegative Authoritative Stoic Motivational Inspirational Performance driven Task Orientated Confident Compassionate A listener Supportive Behaviour orientated And many more Typically some of these are more likely to be gender specific although this is not always the case
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Leadership Styles / Techniques
Session 2: Group Management Leadership Styles / Techniques Leadership Techniques Authoritative Consensus Vote
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Leadership Styles / Techniques
Session 2: Group Management Leadership Styles / Techniques Leadership Techniques Communication: Effective communication is very important as a leader It is important to be clear and concise when talking to the whole group Equally a good leader should feel at home talking to individuals as they do talking to a group Different tones of voice can be a useful tool in different situations, e.g. happy, serious, motivational, persuasive
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Leadership Styles / Techniques
Session 2: Group Management Leadership Styles / Techniques Leadership Techniques Body language: As important as verbal communication is body language Body language can be very expressive Body language is often subconscious People will more often than not pick up and believe your body language more than they will your voice It is important to remember this especially in instances were you are unsure or uncomfortable with a situation It is also a useful tool to be able to read others body language
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Leadership Styles / Techniques
Session 2: Group Management Leadership Styles / Techniques We will now give you a variety of different scenarios What leadership technique or style would be best to use in each scenario As a leader how would you communicate with your group / individual Can you identify where any problems might arise as a leader
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Session 2: Group Management
Conflict Management What is Conflict Management? Conflict Management is the way in which a leader deals with problems that arise either between another leader and themselves or within individual members of the group. How do conflicts arise? People are more likely to experience conflict when they are; tired, experiencing extremes in temperature or are hungry Conflicts may arise if there is a disagreement over the choice of route If two or more people have a clash in personality And ultimately conflict can occur from out of nowhere and over some of the most trivial things
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Session 2: Group Management
Conflict Management What techniques can be used to manage it? Communication Vote Taking time out Removing someone form the group temporarily Tackling the route cause of the conflict Identifying different solutions Being diplomatic Explore different avenues and different possibilities Ultimately prevention is better than cure!
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Strengths and Weaknesses as Leaders
Session 2: Group Management Strengths and Weaknesses as Leaders In pairs or small groups discuss What strengths would you expect to find in a good leader? 2. What weaknesses may a leader have? 3. Which of your strengths do you think will make you a good leader? 4. Which of your weaknesses will you need to overcome to be a good leader?
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Environmental and Human Hazards
Session 2: Group Management Environmental and Human Hazards In pairs or small groups identify Human Hazards likely to be encountered on the hill Physical Hazards likely to be encountered on the hill
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Coping with emergency situations
Session 2: Group Management Coping with emergency situations Firstly it is important to remember that emergency’s are very rare But in the event that one does happen it is important you know how to deal with it We provide all our trainees with an Accident Procedure flow chart and an Evacuation Plan flow chart
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Coping with emergency situations
Session 2: Group Management Coping with emergency situations It is important that in an emergency you: Assess the situation and risk Assess the human and physical resources available Create a plan of action Allocate roles Use correct Ramsoc procedures
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Coping with emergency situations
Session 2: Group Management Coping with emergency situations Be Familiar and confident with Choosing the appropriate leadership style Knowing which leader does what And know the Accident Response and Evacuation flow charts
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Coping with emergency situations
Session 2: Group Management Coping with emergency situations Club procedures and Mountain Rescue Ethos in Hill walking and Mountaineering of self sufficiency Club will call out MR after 1hr and 10mins for every hour the walk was expected to take If you believe the walk will be late alert the Ramblesec MR will take a long time to get to you, if you believe it is possible to deal with the situation on your own it is best to do so
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Coping with emergency situations
Session 2: Group Management Coping with emergency situations Club procedures and Mountain Rescue To contact Mountain Rescue – Diall 999 Ask for the Police Be prepared to give; Your name, Phone number, Precise location, number and condition of group and available equipment Do not move from that position unless asked to do so by MR or you are forced to do so for safety reasons, if you do have to move tell MR
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Coping with emergency situations
Session 2: Group Management Coping with emergency situations Summary Safety first – your own, the group’s, the casualty Assess the situation and neutralise the danger Initial plan of action First aid &/or go for help Group management issues Get information Secondary plan of action Evacuation Mountain Rescue
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Coping with emergency situations
Session 2: Group Management Coping with emergency situations Whilst you should now be fully aware of your responsibilities Ramsoc only expects that you do your best.
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Session 2: Group Management
Any Questions? Thank You for your participation and we look forward to seeing you Sunday
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