1. Do now: Take out Stalin & Trotsky assignment – TURN IN Icebreaker ~ OPVL 11/ 6 & 11/7 Origins & Rise of joseph Stalin 1924 – 1929

2. Overview  Stalin rose to power in what was already a single – party state  Origin and development of single party state lie in the political & economic problems of czarist Russia, the impact of WWI, the Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917, & the civil war 1918 – 1921  By the time Lenin dies in January 1924, Soviet Union had been in practice a single party state for 3 years  Stalin’s rise was unexpected  Before Lenin died in 1924 rivalries emerged among communist leaders such as Trotsky, Grigori Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev  1922 Lenin wrote a Testament outlining the strengths and weaknesses of the main leaders…1923 added a Postscript recommending Stalin’s dismissal  By 1929 Stalin was the sole new ruler of the party

3. Political & Economic Problems 1921 -1924 What happened to Russia?  Civil War broke after the October Revolution (Bolshevik)  This is when the Provisional Gov’t (DUMA) is overthrown  Bolsheviks (the Red Army) vs. The Whites  The Bolsheviks won in 1921  Major policy disruptions that caused problems

4. War Communism – takes place during the Civil War  All industry was nationalized and strict centralized management was introduced.  State monopoly on foreign trade was introduced.  Discipline for workers was strict, and strikers could be shot  Obligatory labor duty imposed onto "non-working classes."  Prodrazvyorstka – taking agricultural surpluses from peasants to redistribute.  Food and most commodities were rationed and distributed in urban centers in a centralized way.  Private enterprise became illegal.  Military-style control of railroads.

5. How do we summarize “war communism”?  Ability to for the Bolsheviks to take total control  Historian Richard Pipes argued:  Bolsheviks used excuse of war communism to eliminate private property, commodity production and market exchange.  The leaders expected an immediate and large scale increase in economic output

6. Kronstadt Rebellion  Took place in March 1921  Was an insurrection against War Communism  Wanted new elections of Soviets  Freedom of political prisoners  Elimination of political armies  Return of private work  Result:  60,000 soldiers attacked the rebels  Estimated that over 1,000 workers killed

7. Result of the Kronstadt Rising  Even though Bolsheviks won:  Vladimir Lenin stated that Kronstadt "lit up reality like a lightning flash".  Lenin concluded that world revolution was not imminent  Replaced War Communism with his New Economic Policy = step back towards capitalism

8. New Economic Policy  Adopted in 1921  Allowed small, privately owned firms and traders to operate  Established an alliance with peasants  Allowed them to sell surplus to private markets  State kept control of major industry and foreign trade

9. Effect of the NEP  Left feared a restoration of capitalism  Right argued that it was essential  Though they overlooked fight between kulaks and nepmen  Kulak—rich peasant  Nepmen—traders who gained money under NEP

10. The 1921 Ban  Revival of capitalism & shock of the Kronstadt Rising led the congress to introduce a ban on factions (people within the Communist Party having inner party opposition within itself)

11. Lenin’s Illness  By 1922 Lenin had his first stroke  Personal rivalries emerged among the Politburo (communist party that made decisions):  Trotsky – seemed most likely to emerge as a major leader  Zinoviev  Kamenev  Bukharin  Stalin**  1922 appointed as the General Secretary of the Communist Party  Had power to appoint and dismiss party officials  Dec. 1922 Zinoviev, Kamenev, & Stalin form a triumvirate (alliance) to prevent Trotsky from obtaining majority support

12. Dec. 1922 Lenin’s Political Testament  Became concerned about the personal and political tensions  Outlined the strengths and weaknesses of the Communist Party  Urged Trotsky to form a ‘Joint Bloc for Democracy’ vs. the growing sings of a bureaucracy in the party and the state  Lenin urged Trotsky to launch a campaign against bureaucracy from the restoration of party and soviet democracy  Jan. 1923, concerned about Stalin’s power, he added a Postscript recommending Stalin’s removal

13. What were the key stages of the power struggle  Stage 1: Early Moves against Trotsky, 1923 – 1924  April 1923 12 th Congress meeting mentioned Lenin & Trotsky but hardly mentioned Stalin = Stalin not important  Lenin absent from meetings due to illness = Stalin replaces Trotsky’s supporters in a new enlarged Central Committee (Communist Party’s ruling body between Congress)  As General Secretary Stalin replaces Trotsky’s supporters with those who were loyal to him  Trotsky was absent at Lenin’s funeral saying that Stalin had told him the wrong date  Stalin raises suspicions about Trotsky’s absence and loyalty

14. What were the key stages of the power struggle  Stage 2: Defeat of the Left Opposition,1924 – 1927  Stalin continued to dismiss oppositionist from responsibility  Position was threatened when in May 1924 Lenin’s widow revealed his Testament to the Central Committee & Congress delegates  Stalin is saved by Zinoviev and Kamenev = they persuaded them not to publish the Testament  January 1925 the triumvirs removed Trotsky from his position of commissar of war  Triumvirate would split in 1925 about disagreements over the New Economic Policy  Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev would form the United Opposition = against Stalin  Stalin was able to ban them from meetings and dismiss their supporters  Accused them of breaking the 1921 ban on factions

15. Stalin rids the United Opposition  By Nov. 1927 Stalin was successful in removing Trotsky and Zinoviev expelled from the Communist Party & Kamenev expelled from the Central Committee  Stalin rises through the ranks of politics through ruthlessness and cunning  He played his opponents against one another and he used his poor background to appeal to the people  Zinoviev & Kamenev abandon The United Opposition in fear of the communist party splitting (Lenin’s biggest fear)  Trotsky is deported…Others are positioned elsewhere in the Soviet Union to prevent them from communicating

16. Political Cartoon Assignment  Create a Political Cartoon  Lenin, Stalin, Command Economy, Feudal Life Under Nicholas II, Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie, etc.  Include the following  TITLE  3 MESSAGES WITHIN CARTOON  2 SENTENCE DESCRIPTION OF CARTOON @ BOTTOM OF PAGE OR ON BACK OF PAPER

17. Exit Card 1) Who were the two armies who fought in the Russian Civil War called? Who did the US support? 2) What did Lenin’s Testament state? 3) Who was Stalin’s biggest opponent when trying to assume leadership of Russia after Lenin’s death?