1. Chapter 5 Key Issue 2

3. Germanic Branch West Germanic group- subgroups named for what?
High-German
Low- English, Dutch, Flemish
North Germanic group
Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic
All 4 derive from Old Norse
Became 4 different languages- why?

4. Indo-Iranian Branch Indic (Eastern) group India + neighbors
Major language of this group- Hindi
Why is Hindi considered one singular language, even though there are many ways to speak it?
Hindi not the official language of India- why?
Repercussions of this?

5. Iranian (Western) group
Iran + neighbors
Languages include Persian and Kurdish
What alphabet are these languages written in?

7. Balto-Slavic Branch
Slavic was once a single language- why did differences develop?
East Slavic and Baltic groups
Russian is by far the most primarily spoken of this group- why?
Other languages in this group are Ukrainian and Belarusian
West and South Slavic groups
Polish, Czech, and Slovak are most widely spoken in this group
Czechoslovakia language difficulties?
Serbo-Croatian has become what?
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
What is the main difference between the Bosnian/Croatian version and the Montenegran/Serbian version of Serbo-Croatian?
What are some other differences?

8. Romance Branch Romance branch evolved from which language?
Four languages correspond to the boundaries of which four countries?
Four languages:
Four countries:

10. Diffusion of English- Case Study
Celts- British Isles, 2000 BC
Invasion- Germanic tribes, 450 AD
Anglo-Saxons
Normans AD
French only
Most people kept speaking English- why?
Combination words = English
America- 1607
England defeated France in battle for colonization in 1700s
Colonies- 1600s-1899
Ireland, South Asia, South Pacific, southern Africa, Philippines

11. Diffusion of Romance Languages- Case Study
Latin- “Roman’s language”
Roman Empire- spread Latin through __ diffusion?
Latin in the captured provinces- “Vulgar Latin”, which was the people’s Latin
After the Roman Empire collapsed, these different regions’ versions of Latin changed because of __?

12. Diffusion of Proto-Indo-European: Theory 1
Proto-Indo-European: the original language that the Indo-European *family* evolved from (the roots of our tree)
Theory 1: The Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis
Marija Gimbutas is the author of this hypothesis
First PIE speakers were the Kurgan people
Lived between Russia and Kazakhstan
Can be traced back to 4300 BC
Conquered much of Europe and South Asia, spread PIE as they went

13. Diffusion of Proto-Indo-European: Theory 2
Theory 2: The Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis
Supporters of this theory include Colin Renfrew and Russell D. Gray
First PIE speakers lived in Turkey about 2000 years or more before the Kurgans
They migrated west and northwest
This all occurred through peaceful migration- because the speakers were agricultural, their culture and language triumphed
What does agriculture have to do with it?

14. Understanding Check
Describe the diffusion of either English, Romance languages, or one of the theories of the Proto-Indo-European language
One paragraph
May use notes

15. Four Indo-European Branches
Germanic (1 group)
Indo-Iranian
Indic/Eastern (1 group)
Iranian/Western (1 group)
Balto-Slavic
East Slavic and Baltic (1 group)
West and South Slavic (1 group)
Romance (1 group)
Diffusion of English (1 group)
Diffusion of Romance (1 group)
Diffusion of Indo-European #1 (1 group)
Diffusion of Indo-European #2 (1 group)