1. 12 The Presidency

2. 2 Presidential Power Prime Ministerial Power Party leader, selects cabinet officers. Cabinet officers must support policy or resign. Minister in charge of failed policy must resign (WMD) Presidential Power- Much weaker Nominated by non-party officials. Little experience in DC, Cabinet as “spoils” President and Congress were meant to share power Few Powerful Presidents, JQ Adams-FDR: –Jackson, Polk, Cleveland, Lincoln New Powers, supported by Supreme Court: –Independent offensive military capabilities –Domestic policy initiatives- internment, air traffic control –Neustadt: Power ultimately from PERSUASION

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 3 Figure 12.2: Presidential Popularity Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 4 Figure 12.2: Presidential Popularity (cont’d) Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 5 Table 12.3: Partisan Gains or Losses in Congress in Presidential Election Years

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 6 Table 12.4: Partisan Gains or Losses in Congress in Off-Year Elections

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 7 Table 12.5: Presidential Vetoes, 1789-2000

8. 8 Presidential Institutionalization I Necessities of a vast Bureaucracy Brownlow Commission, 1937: Pres. needs help White House Office and Executive Office of President created; staffed near 400 people Three Organizational Strategies Pyramid (Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, Bush I/II Circular (Carter early in administration) Ad Hoc (Clinton early in administration) EOP: includes WHO and OVP Agencies mandated by law; Senate confirms Office of Management and Budget, National S.C. Cabinet: Little, expandable fiefdoms Few nominatable positions

9. 9 Pres. Institutionalization II Three Persuasive Audiences –Fellow Politicians in DC –Party Activists and Officeholders outside DC –The Public Three Policy Prerogatives –The Veto Only 4% overrident Line-item veto struck down –Executive Privilege (controversial) US v. Nixon (1971), Cheney’s “energy” policies –Impoundment: Budget Reform Act of 1974 –President has short window to act

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 10 Figure 12.1: Growth of the White House Office, 1935-1985 Sources: For 1935-1977: Congressional Record (April 13, 1978), 10111; for 1979-1985: annual reports filed by the White House with the House of Representatives Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, titled "Aggregate Report on Personnel; Pursuant to Title 3, United States Code, Section 113"; and Budget of the United States Government. From Samuel Kernell and Samuel Popkin, eds., Chief of Staff (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 201.

11. 11 Presidential Succession Key problem: legitimacy FDR: only 4-termer 8 VP’s have ascended 25 th Amendment provides for succession Impeachment: an Indictment only –Senate must convict Andrew Johnson: missed removal by one vote Nixon: resigned to avoid impeachment; removal? Clinton: impeached but not removed (2/3 required)

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 12 Map 12.1: Electoral Votes per State

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 13 Table 12.1: The Cabinet Departments

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 - 14 Table 12.2: Number of Political Appointments in Cabinet Departments