1. Discussion Differences and similarities between the experiments done by Chigwaza Et. Al (2004) can be observed Similarities between the experiments are the same base ingredients in the solutions were used, lippia and tagetes leaves Differences include different proportions, the solutions used in this experiment were cut down to ¼ of what Chigwaza used, different plants (Chigwaza used cabbage), different types of aphids (Brevicoryne Brassica vs. Acyrthosiphon pisum) and different results Although in both experiments, this one and Chigwaza’s, both solutions did kill aphids, the percentage of aphids killed in Chigwaza’s experiment were significantly less than in this one. In this experiment 100% of the aphids were killed in testing by both solutions, and in Chigwaza’s 8.75% were killed by tagetes and about 50% were killed by the lippia javanica solution A significant difference that contradicts with Chigwaza’s conclusions and results is that in this experiment the tagetes solution did a better job of reducing aphid population than the lippia, whereas in Chigwaza’s experiment the results were the opposite of this. These discrepancies can allude to unforeseen variables affecting the experiment, or the differences could be a problem in the difference between the number of experiments run by Chigwaza and the number of experiments run in this project. Conclusion The experiment showed that both the Lippia Javanica and Tagetes Minuta liquid solutions were effective in killing aphids and reducing their population Both solutions killed 100% of the aphids exposed to them, and it was seen that the tagetes solution killed the aphids quicker than the lippia solution by 31.4 seconds Dissection scope used to observe aphds in petri dishes during experimentation and exposure phases (taken by author) Future Studies In future studies I may be experimenting with the natural flower pyrethrum which also has insecticidal properties, or increasing the efficacy of Lippia Javanica and Tagetes Minuta by combining them with pyrethrum extract The above image is a simulated habitat for aphids or “bug rearing cage”. Inside it contains pea plants that are watered twice weekly. The top of the cage is covered with a fine mesh to prevent aphid escape and to still let air in. The cage can hold a couple thousand aphids at a time. (taken by author) Selected Bibliography S., Chigwaza et al., EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL HERBS, FEVER TEA (Lippia javanica) AND MEXICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes minuta) AS SUBSTITUTES TO SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES IN CONTROLLING APHID SPECIES (Brevicoryne brassica) ON CABBAGE (Brassica capitata)., Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 2004EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL HERBS, FEVER TEA (Lippia javanica) AND MEXICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes minuta) AS SUBSTITUTES TO SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES IN CONTROLLING APHID SPECIES (Brevicoryne brassica) ON CABBAGE (Brassica capitata)., JG, Scott et al., Kdr-Type resistance in insects with special reference to the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, PubMed, 1994Kdr-Type resistance in insects with special reference to the German cockroach, Blattella germanica Soderlund, David, Pyrethroids, knockdown resistance and sodium channels, Pest Management Science, Volume 64 Number 6, 2008Pyrethroids, knockdown resistance and sodium channels Soderlund, David, The Molecular Biology of Knockdown Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Volume 33 Issue 6, 2003The Molecular Biology of Knockdown Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides Chandre, Fabrice et al., Identification and Geographic Distribution of the ACE-1R Mutation in the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae in South-Western Burkina Faso, West Africa, The American journal of tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2008Identification and Geographic Distribution of the ACE-1R Mutation in the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae in South-Western Burkina Faso, West Africa Corbel, Vincent et al., COMBINATION OF A NON-PYRETHROID INSECTICIDE AND A REPELLENT: A NEW APPROACH FOR CONTROLLING KNOCKDOWN-RESISTANT MOSQUITOES, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2005COMBINATION OF A NON-PYRETHROID INSECTICIDE AND A REPELLENT: A NEW APPROACH FOR CONTROLLING KNOCKDOWN-RESISTANT MOSQUITOES Aldridge, Susan, Insecticide resistance: from mechanisms to management, Association of British Science Writers, 1998Insecticide resistance: from mechanisms to management Edwards, Owain, New Slant on Aphid Spray resistance, Farming Ahead, No. 174, 2006New Slant on Aphid Spray resistance Devonshire, Alan, The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach±potato aphid, Myzus persicae, Phil.Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B (1998)The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach±potato aphid, Myzus persicae Graphed results for Chigwaza’s experiment results, Effectiveness of Natural Herbs, Fever Tea (Lippia javanica) and Mexican Marigold (Tagetes minuta) as Substitues to Synthetic Pesticides in Controlling Aphid Species (Brevicoryne brassica) on Cabbage (Brassica capitata). (http://www.uady.mx/~veterina/publicaciones/journal/Revista/2004-3/katsvanga-36.pdf)