1. After Euridice

2. Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) 1567-Born in Cremona 1567-Born in Cremona 1590-Worked in Mantua (Gonzaga family) 1590-Worked in Mantua (Gonzaga family) 1613-Choirmaster at St. Mark’s in Venice 1613-Choirmaster at St. Mark’s in Venice Madrigals (9 books/250 total) Madrigals (9 books/250 total) –5 Books in Renaissance Style »Polyphonic Styles –4 Books in “Baroque” Style (NAWM 53) »Solo voice »Basso Continuo Operas (3) Operas (3)

3. Claudio Monteverdi L’Orfeo (1607) L’Orfeo (1607) –Patterned after Florentine Camerata but believed his aims could be realized traditionally, with Polyphony –New Innovations NAWM 54 (p. 289) NAWM 54 (p. 289) More continuity of Recitative More continuity of Recitative –longer lines –tonal organization Lyricism at key moments Lyricism at key moments Solo Airs Solo Airs Duets Duets Ensembles Ensembles Dances Dances –Contrast Recitatives Organized Scenes Organized Scenes Large Varied Orchestra Large Varied Orchestra –40 Players

4. After Orfeo

5. Florence and Mantua Florence and Mantua –Opera not really very popular Rome Rome –1620’s and 30’s –No central court –Wealthy churchmen Lavish entertainment Lavish entertainment –Pope Urban VIII (r.1623-44) Appointed nephews who sponsored opera Appointed nephews who sponsored opera Libretti on lives of Saints Libretti on lives of Saints –By 1640 Opera is entirely changed

6. Opera After 1640 Primarily Entertainment Primarily Entertainment Comic Elements Introduced Comic Elements Introduced Recitative and Aria Separate Recitative and Aria Separate More Use of Chorus More Use of Chorus Drama no longer #1 Drama no longer #1 –Display for Voices Spread to other Other Places Spread to other Other Places –Venice »L’incoronazione di Poppea (NAMW 55) »Orontea (NAWM 56) –Naples

7. Venetian Opera From Rome in 1637 From Rome in 1637 –Ferrari and Manelli –Admitted a paying public –Small Scale Popular Tourist Destination Popular Tourist Destination –Carnival Season (6-10 weeks after Christmas) Nine Theaters Nine Theaters 150 Performances by 1678 150 Performances by 1678 Themes Themes –Mythological –Historic (Ancient Roman)

8. Vocal Chamber Music Opera not the norm. (except in Venice) Opera not the norm. (except in Venice) New Monodic Idioms with Basso Continuo New Monodic Idioms with Basso Continuo Strophic Aria Strophic Aria –Good for Poetry Standard formulas and patterns Standard formulas and patterns –Romanesca –Chaccone –Passacaglia Concertato (NAWM 56) Concertato (NAWM 56) –piece for voice with instruments »Independent parts Cantata (NAWM 57) Cantata (NAWM 57) »“To be Sung”

9. Summary Solo Singing most important Solo Singing most important –Lots of forms, styles and elements Madrigal Madrigal Concerto Concerto Monody Monody Dance songs Dance songs Dramatic recitative Dramatic recitative Bel Canto Aria Bel Canto Aria Strophic Aria Strophic Aria Cantata Cantata Oratorio Oratorio National Idioms National Idioms