1. Indicators, Data Sources, and Data Quality for TB M&E
This presentation discusses some of the most important factors influencing which indicators we use.
Important to review this topic before doing the indicator selection activity.
Data sources differ in every context, country, and region so as I go through this presentation, please try to think of data sources and data quality issues that your country uses and has trouble with, so that we can discuss them after the presentation.

2. Criteria of good indicators
Valid: indicator actually measures the phenomenon it is intended to measure
Reliable: indicator produces the same results when used repeatedly, so it always measures the same phenomenon
Specific: indicator measures only the phenomenon it is intended to measure
Sensitive: indicator reflects changes in the phenomenon under study
Operational: indicator is measured with developed and tested definitions and reference standards
These ideas are probably review and were discussed in “how to use the compendium.”
Indicators are signs, clues, and markers as to how close we are to our path and how things are changing.

3. Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Qualitative: indicators answer questions about how well the program elements are being carried out
Quantitative: indicators measure how much and how many
Examples of qualitative M&E tools:
Sign-in logs,
Registrations, forms, registers, checklists
Program activity forms
Patient charts
Structured questionnaires
Qualitative M&E tools:
Focus group
Direct observation

4. Factors in Indicator Selection
What national, district and local levels need to know
Availability of the data
Availability of human and financial resources to manage the data
Program needs
Lender requirements

5. TB data collection methods and sources
Routinely collected data
Process monitoring and evaluation
Program evaluation/reviews
Global TB reporting
Special surveys
Once you have designed a framework and picked appropriate indicators, data collection strategy needs to be developed.
Of course, you should have been thinking of data availability while developing the framework and indicators but now you can focus on collection and analysis
No single source can satisfy data needs for M&E.

6. Routine Recording TB Register TB Treatment Card Laboratory Register
Cough register
These are the basic units of data collected at TB treatment facilities and microscopy units. To ensure data quality, it is important that:
These cards are filled out correctly
These units are filled out in the same way
What this often requires is:
An easy-to-use card (pre-tested)
Training
Frequent review of how nurses, lab techs are filling them out (supervision and feedback)
Really communicating why it is important to have this information filled out correctly and timely

7. Routine Reporting District TB Register
Quarterly report of new cases and relapses of TB
Quarterly report on results of treatment of pulmonary TB patients registered months earlier
Monthly or quarterly reporting forms are sent to Basic Management Unit (BMU), where they are aggregated and then sent to the higher level.
Assuming the basic units are filed out correctly, we want to ensure that the “transfer” to the aggregated level is done correctly and in the same fashion.
Another issue is timeliness.
Again, requires supervision and feedback.

8. Process Monitoring and Evaluation
Analysis of recording and reporting
Supervision
Records of trainings held, meetings held, events, etc…

9. Program Evaluation/Review
Comprehensive review of the entire program
Conducted every 2-5 years
External and internal experts break up into groups and cover a representative sample of the country
Usually provides input for developing or revising the medium-term development plan

10. Global Reporting: estimated incidence, case notification, treatment outcomes, some budget information and coverage.
Can use the numbers from WHO to track your own country over time.
Source: WHO (2004). Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, Planning, Financing.

11. Special studies Prevalence survey Population-based survey
Facility surveys
Vital-registration surveys
Tuberculin surveys
Drug-resistance surveys
Read from blurbs on special studies in the intro part of the compendium.

12. Example of a national level data-collection system
Prevalence Survey
Prevalence Survey
DRS
DRS
Facility
survey
Facility
survey
Facility
Survey
DRS – Drug Resistance Survey
If appropriate, all of these activities should be budgeted for in a GFATM proposal
A facility survey could be considered a TB-Program Review
External Monitoring Visits
Routine information system & surveillance
2000
2002
2004
2006

13. Why is data quality important?
The primary function of health-information systems is to provide data that enhance decision-making in the provision of health services.
By ensuring high-quality data, the health information system attempts to guarantee that decision-makers have access to unbiased and complete information
Your data source is only as good as the data it produces. While ensuring that the importance of data quality has been addressed in the previous slides, it is important to spend a few moments thinking about this issue of good data specifically.
It isn’t just for feeding information into an indicator that needs to be reported elsewhere, it is important to see these as tools for decision makers at national, district, and local levels to improve their programs.

14. Standards for good quality data
Validity: Do the data clearly and directly measure what was intended to measure?
Integrity: Are mechanisms in place to reduce the chance that data are intentionally manipulated?
Precision: Are the data at the appropriate level of detail?
Reliability: Would you come to the same finding if the data collection and analysis were repeated?
Timeliness: Are data available frequently enough to inform decisions?

15. Impediments to good data quality
Inappropriate data-collection instruments and procedures
Poor reporting and recording
Errors in processing data (editing, coding, data entry, tabulating)

16. What can be done to improve and ensure data quality?
Keep the design of the information system as simple as possible
Involve users in the design of the system
Standardize procedures and definitions
Pre-test data-collection instruments to make sure they are useful and user-friendly
Ensure that data collected are useful to the data collector
Regular supervision and feedback from supervisors
Plan for effective checking procedures (such as cross-checking)
Training (data collection instruments, data processing, analysis and decision-making based on evidence)

17. Data-quality assessments
Example at district level:
Step 1: Interview appropriate individual to obtain understanding of data collection, analysis, and maintenance process
Step 2: Review reports to determine whether they are consistent
Now that we have discussed basic kinds of data sources and the importance of ensuring data quality, let’s walk through addressing data quality in a step-wise fashion.

18. Data-quality assessments (con’t)
Step 3: Periodically sample and review data for completeness, accuracy, and consistency
Indicator definitions are consistent with NTP guidelines
Data collection is consistent from year to year
Data are complete in coverage
Formula used to calculate indicator (if any) is applied correctly
Step 4: Compare central-office records with district or district with facility for consistency and accuracy

19. Data-quality assessments (con’t)
Possible data-quality limitations:
Validity: The reported data do not accurately represent the population. For example, records may over-report or underreport certain parts of the population
Integrity: The data could be manipulated for a variety of reasons
Timeliness: If reporting is not up to date, than decisions may not based on most recent evidence
Reliability: Implementation of data collection may be irregular or mistimed

20. Conclusion needed based on context/region and what the biggest issue is