1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Low birth weight
Developmental delay
Epilepsy
Poor coordination / fine motor skills
Behavioral problems
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3. 2 six week old infants
Normal child
FAS

4. Mental Retardation Mild (55-70 IQ) Moderate (40-54) Severe (25-39)
Profound (< 25)
Poor adaptive skills
Before age 18
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5. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales II (VABS – II)
Parent/Caregiver Rating Form, Interview Form - 0 through 90
Teacher Rating Form - 3 through 21 years,11 months

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Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
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1:733 births, and more than 350,000 people in the U.S.
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8. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Physical Deformities
flattening of the back of the head
slanting of the eyelids
short stubby limbs
thick tongues
heart problems
overly flexible joints
shorter than normal height
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9. Common Neurological Disabilities
Cerebral palsy – “paralysis of the brain.”
disability in muscle control, posture, and movement

10. Duchenne muscular dystrophy – deterioration of muscles

11. Epilepsy (seizure disorder)
Partial seizure – electrical charge affects only part of the brain; involuntary twitching of muscles or rapid eye blinks
Generalized
tonic-clonic – person stiffens, loses consciousness, falls, and arms and legs contract
absence (ab-sawnce) seizures – lasts up to 30 seconds; mistaken for daydreaming.

12. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves measured by electrodes.
Psychology 7e in Modules

13. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome

14. Students with Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder
Chapter 15
Students with Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder

15. Development of the ADHD Field
1902 -First description by Dr. George Still
1920s – Children who survived encephalitis lethargica often were distractible and impulsive
1930s – Dr. Charles Bradley used stimulant medication to control children’s behavior
1960s – term hyperactive was used
Today – research on the brain’s role in ADHD

16. Definition of ADHD
A pervasive pattern of inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development. (American Psychological Association, 2000)

17. 3 Types of ADHD Predominately inattentive
Predominately hyperactive/impulsive
Combined

18. Caucasian children more likely to receive medication for ADHD
Prevalence
3-5% of the population
2-3 times as many boys identified as girls
No difference in frequency among races
Caucasian children more likely to receive medication for ADHD

19. Causes of ADHD Physiological causes Heredity Brain differences
Environmental Causes
Lead poisoning
Maternal prenatal smoking and alcohol consumption

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Causation
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21. Cognitive Characteristics
Problems with Executive Functioning
Working memory is not efficient
Self-directed speech not utilized effectively
Difficulty controlling emotions or motivation
Reconstitution – the ability to break down what is observed and to combine parts to carry out new actions

22. Academic Characteristics
Some students are very successful academically
Other students consistently achieve below their potential

23. Social/Emotional Characteristics
Self-esteem is a problem for some, but not all, students with ADHD
Students often have problems coping with social functioning
Developing and maintaining friendships
Rejection by peers

24. Behavior Characteristics
Failure to attend to details
Make careless mistakes in work
Failure to complete schoolwork
Failure to listen when spoken to directly
Difficulty organizing tasks and materials
Avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental effort

25. Comorbidity with Other Disorders
ADHD may occur simultaneously with other disorders such as:
Learning disabilities
Tourette’s syndrome
Emotional disabilities
Autism
Traumatic brain injury
Psychiatric disorders
Sleep disorders
Substance abuse problems

26. Initial Referral for Eligibility
Medical Diagnosis
Pediatrician,psychologist, psychiatrist
Diagnosis may occur before child enters school
Educational referrals may come from
Child’s classroom teacher
Special education teacher

27. Assessments May Include:
Medical assessment
Continuous performance tests
DISC IV (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children)
Parent rating scales and checklists – BASC, CBCL
Teacher rating scales and checklists
Samples of student’s work
Anecdotal information

28. Gifted or ADHD? ADHD Gifted Students Behavior Poor sustained attention
Inability to regulate behavior
Question rules and create their own
Problems with Rules
Primary characteristic of ADHD
Good judgment lags behind intellectual development
Impulsivity
Difficulty in most situations
Only in specific situations, e.g., when bored
Poor sustained attention
ADHD
Gifted Students
Behavior

29. Eligibility for IDEA Services
Does the ADHD “adversely affect” the student’s educational performance?
Not all students with ADHD are eligible - accommodations under Section 504
Students may be eligible because they also have a learning or emotional disability

30. Early Childhood Education
Diagnosis at an early age is difficult.
If children’s symptoms of ADHD are severe, early intervention is crucial.
Children may need a highly structured environment, immediate and consistent feedback, and age-appropriate rewards.

31. Elementary and Secondary School Services
Many students receive their education in general education classrooms.
Professionals must collaborate with parents

32. Transition and Adulthood
66% have the disorder into adulthood

33. Psychostimulants
Ritalin
Concerta
Focalin
Adderall
Strattera
Cylert

34. Best Educational Practices
Behavior interventions
Rewards
Token economy systems
Structure
Quick Pace

36. Behavior Modification
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37. Supporting Parents of Children with ADHD
Have realistic expectations of parents
Encourage parents to be good role models
Help parents have realistic expectations
Make related resources available