2. Redefining America: Findings from the 2006 Latino National Survey Luis R. Fraga Stanford University University of Washington John A. Garcia University of Arizona Rodney E. Hero University of Notre Dame Michael Jones-Correa Cornell University Valerie Martinez-Ebers Texas Christian University Gary M. Segura University of Washington

4. Sources of Funding Annie E. Casey Foundation Carnegie Corporation Ford Foundation Hewlett Foundation Irvine Foundation Joyce Foundation Kellogg Foundation National Science Foundation Russell Sage Foundation Texas A&M University: MALRC, PERG

5. Percent Hispanic of U.S. Population, 1960-2030 Source: Chapter 2. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies. Adapted from Figure 2-2. Percent

6. Hispanic Births and Net Immigration by Decade: 1960-2030 Source: Chapter 2. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies. Adapted from Figure 2-1. Millions

7. Assimilation, Values, and Identity

8. Latino Diversity Census Bureau (American Community Survey, Released August 2006) Mexican 63.9% Puerto Rican 9% Cuban 3.5% Salvadoran 2.9% Dominican 2.7% Guatemalan 1.7% Colombian 1.8% ALL OTHERS 14.3% Native-born (not Island-born): 35.4% Foreign-born 61% Island-born PR 3.6% No high school diploma 43% College graduate 11.1% Latino National Survey (unweighted N) Summer 2006 *Mexican 66.1% (5704) *Puerto Rican 9.5% (822) *Cuban 4.9% (420) *Salvadoran 4.7% (407) *Dominican 3.9% (335) *Guatemalan 1.7% (149) *Colombian 1.6% (139) *All Others 7.6% *Native-born 28.4% (2450) *Foreign-born (adults) 66.2% (5717) *Island-born PR 5.4% (467) *No high school diploma 37% *College graduate 16.2% 44 million Latinos in the US

9. Language Proficiency across Generations 1 st Gen2 nd Gen3 rd Gen4 th Gen Answered in English 19.273.790.491.3 Answered in Spanish, Speak English 19.119.58.27.7 Total Share with English Proficiency 38.393.298.699.0 Retain Spanish Proficiency 99.291.668.760.5 Strong English dominance and nearly universal English proficiency among the first-generation of US born; Generally strong Spanish retention, aided by refreshed populations of Spanish-speakers.

10. Importance of Learning English/ Retaining Spanish across Generations 1 st Gen2 nd Gen3 rd Gen4 th Gen How important do you think it is that everyone in the United States learn English? Somewhat5.28.611.811.6 Very94.189.386.184.0 How important do you think it is for you or your family to maintain the ability to speak Spanish? Somewhat9.713.717.922.2 Very88.684.473.066.7

11. Sense of American and Home-Country Identity Across Generations 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th How strongly do you think of yourself as “American”? Somewhat Strongly 28.725.115.216.3 Very Strongly 24.556.978.576.4 How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)? Somewhat Strongly 19.622.226.134.3 Very Strongly 67.664.345.140.5

12. Attention to US and “Home Country” Politics and Public Affairs Attention to US politics is strong, even among the foreign born, and approaches (and in some cases surpasses) levels for all other groups, among Latinos born in the US. While about 57% of foreign born respondents agree that they should be able to vote in home country elections, only about 4% have ever done so, and about 58% report paying little or no attention to politics back home. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Attention to/Interest in US politics Somewhat or Very Interested 60.073.979.281.3 Attention to/Interest in “Home-Country” politics Little or No Attention Paid 57.561.072.8

13. Preferences for Cultural Assimilation and Distinctness 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Importance of Changing to Blend into Larger Society Somewhat26.233.334.737.5 Very61.444.640.635.7 Importance of Maintaining Distinct Culture Somewhat16.218.320.326.1 Very78.675.872.966.7 Support for blending into the larger culture and for maintaining a distinct culture are positively related (r=.1415): Not seen as an either/or proposition

14. Civic and Political Participation

15. Latino Interest in Politics (in percentages) AllUS Born Naturalized Non- Respondents Citizens Citizens Citizens Not Interested322128 41 Somewhat Interested485048 48 Very Interested202924 1 QUESTION: How interested are you in politics and public affairs? Would you say you are very interested, somewhat interested or not at all interested?

16. Civic Engagement Among Naturalized and Non- Citizens (in percentages) AllUS Born Naturalized Non- Respondents Citizens Citizens Citizens Group participation1929 23 10 Contacts officials3045 37 17 Organizational problem-solving4346 43 42 Multiple contacts w/ officials2520 19 31

17. Patterns of Partisanship Overall U.S. Born Puerto Rico Born Outside U.S. Democrat 42.1 55.9 56.3 33.9 Republican 21.5 26.0 22.9 18.8 Independent 8.1 5.6 3.1 10.0 Don’t Care 12.7 4.8 5.5 17.4 Don’t Know 15.6 8.6 12.7 20.0

18. Citizenship and Issue Positions: Problem Facing the Country CitizenNon-citizen Iraq War 30.0 33.2 Economy 14.7 12.4 Illegal Immigration 8.4 14.8 Education/ Schools 4.2 4.7 Other 12.4 6.6 “What do you think is THE one most important problem facing the country today?”

19. Partisanship and Issue Positions: Problem Facing the Country Democrat Republican Independent Iraq War 33.8 25.1 25.8 Economy 15.0 14.6 14.5 Illegal Immigration 6.9 9.0 10.6 Education/ Schools 5.4 4.5 5.0 Other 11.7 17.3 16.1 “What do you think is THE one most important problem facing the country today?”

20. Partisanship and Issue Positions: Preferred Party to Address Problem Facing Country Democrats Republicans Neither Don’t Know Democrat 39.4 7.4 43.1 10.1 Republican 14.6 26.2 46.3 13.0 Independent 12.1 6.8 63.8 17.2 Don’t Care 6.2 3.9 54.2 35.7 Don’t Know 6.1 4.8 48.5 40.6 “Which political party do you think has a better approach to address this problem?”

21. Latino Linked Fate Do Latinos see their futures, and those of their national origin group, linked to that of other Latinos? YES Mex indiv. Mex group Cuban indiv. Cuban group PR indiv. PR group Nothing14.37.118.413.422.111.3 Little15.313.211.98.615.314.1 Some24.625.820.522.221.728.5 A Lot39.246.836.343.734.138.5 How much does your “doing well” depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does [national origin] “doing well” …?

22. Contributing Factors to Latino Linked Fate Perceived commonality 1 Latino Linked Fate Nativity 67.4/62.9 Language Use 67.9/61.7 Linked fate w/ African. Amer. 74.3/58.6 Partisan Identity 74.5/61.2 Linked fate w/ Latinos 73.7/46.1 Race/ethnicity of co-workers 66.6/63.3 1 The set of percentages represents Latino respondents who indicated some or a lot of commonality for native/foreign born, English/Spanish speakers. For the linked fate percentages, it is some/a lot vs. little/nothing. For partisan, it is partisans vs. non-partisans. And coworkers represent mixed group of coworkers vs. only Latinos.

23. IMMIGRATION POLICY

26. Latinos in the Midwest: Public Policy and Issues

27. Latinos’ and their Schools Grading the Schools Participation in the Schools

28. Grade Given to Community Schools Grade Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________ _ A 32.0 27.032.044.6 B 38.1 38.052.235.5 C 19.0 26.210.713.9 D 5.3 4.32.5 F 5.5 4.34.93.2

29. Kids in School LevelNation Chi metroother Ill Iowa Aspir. Expect. Aspir. Expect. Aspir. Expect. Aspir. Expect. High Sch./ 4.0 14.1 8.0 7.2 7.4 19.9 8.2 20.7 GED Vocational2.2 4.4 1.7 3.4 0.0 2.3 1.4 2.7 College 38.8 41.4 37.6 38.9 39.1 33.8 39.6 42.5 Advanced/54.8 39.8 52.5 39.5 53.4 43.8 50.7 33.8 Professional

30. Has Met with Child’s Teacher Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Yes 90.9 93.0 92.6 90.8 No 9.0 6.9 7.3 9.1 DK 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Refused 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

31. Has Attended PTA Meeting Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa ____________________________________________ Yes 74.071.8 72.867.6 No 25.527.6 24.731.7 DK 0.3 0.5 2.4 0.6 Ref 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

32. Has Acted as School Volunteer Nation Chi metroIll otherIowa _______________________________________ Yes 52.7 52.645.553.8 No 47.0 47.354.446.1 DK 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ref 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

33. Contact with School Officials Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________________ No good contact11.5 14.810.16.8 Good contact 88.2 88.989.793.1

34. Attitude of Public Toward Latino Immigrants Iowa _______________________________________ Very/somewhat unwelcoming43.5 Welcoming/very welcoming54.0 Dk/Rf 3.2

35. Most Important National Problem Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa ___________________________________ Economy 13.418.317.1 9.7 Unemp. 4.4 5.3 1.5 6.3 Illegal imm. 11.312.516.0 14.9 Other 9.6 9.0 8.2 9.8 Iraq war 31.4 28.123.7 33.0 DK/Ref 13.4 11.418.7 12.3

36. Most Important Problem for Latinos Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Economy 6.76.5 9.2 4.0 Unemployment 12.1 12.6 10.1 12.0 Education 9.0 13.6 8.8 4.2 Illegal Imm. 29.7 28.7 28.3 31.6 Something else 11.5 11.9 11.6 14.8 Race relations 4.52.8 3.0 5.5 DK/Ref 17.5 14.3 16.9 18.1

37. Fair Treatment by Police? Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa ______________________________________ Yes 48.2 50.5 48.1 48.2 No 39.5 38.9 42.1 40.0 DK 12.2 10.4 9.6 11.6

38. Keep Troops in Iraq as Long as Necessary to Stabilize Nation Chi metro Ill other Iowa ______________________________________________ Oppose59.964.261.055.1 Support24.319.624.028.0 Not Sure15.515.914.716.6

39. Government Should Provide Income to Those Who Need It Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Oppose11.312.19.5 8.8 Support80.177.8 84.9 82.5 Not Sure 8.5 9.8 5.3 8.4

40. Current Health Care System Needs Government Intervention Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________________ Oppose8.17.4 9.4 7.8 Support82.4 81.2 77.9 81.2 Not sure 9.3 11.2 12.4 10.8

41. Undocumented Immigrants Should be Charged Higher College Tuition Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _____________________________________________ Oppose78.2 72.4 85.9 78.6 Support14.2 11.3 11.6 14.1 Not Sure 7.46.0 2.2 7.1

42. Use of Matricula Consular as Acceptable Form of ID for Immigrants Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa ____________________________________________ Oppose18.811.6 11.5 17.9 Support65.376.1 82.8 66.7 Not Sure15.812.15.4 15.2

43. Use Standardized Tests for Grade Promotion/High School Graduation Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Oppose27.824.8 25.4 28.9 Support55.054.3 56.9 56.2 Not Sure16.920.8 17.6 14.7

44. Fund Public Schools so All Have Same Amount Per Student Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Oppose 7.23.5 10.0 7.9 Support 82.8 86.2 78.8 81.2 Not Sure 9.8 10.0 11.0 10.7

45. School Vouchers for Private School, Even if Takes Away from Public Schools Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Oppose37.930.7 23.6 45.6 Support46.352.4 61.4 42.7 Not Sure15.616.7 14.8 11.5

46. Replace Multi-year Bilingual Instruction with English Only After One Year Nation Chi metro Ill other Iowa _______________________________________ Oppose42.847.6 39.2 49.9 Support44.039.0 50.5 37.1 Not Sure12.913.1 10.1 12.8

47. Government Should Provide Income Support to Those Who Cannot Adequately Support Themselves Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Oppose12.08.9 14.5 12.9 Support75.680.4 82.2 76.6 Not Sure12.210.4 3.1 10.3

48. Same Sex Couples Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Legally Marry 19.8 22.4 19.7 22.4 Civil Union 7.0 7.6 10.0 6.4 No Legal 32.1 22.6 18.0 31.7 Recognition DK 40.9 47.2 52.1 39.4

49. Abortion Should Be… Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Legal in All 10.512.8 11.0 5.8 Circumstances Legal in Most 7.48.6 6.1 8.4 Circumstances Legal When 48.2 47.2 46.153.2 Necessary to Save Mother Illegal 20.1 14.7 22.0 19.6 Unsure 13.6 16.5 14.612.8

50. Public Health Clinics/Hospitals in Spanish in Your Community? Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Yes79.983.3 71.4 77.1 No12.0 9.1 23.6 16.2 DK 6.9 6.3 4.9 5.9 Refused 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.6

51. Police/Law enforcement, Courts/Legal Representation in Spanish? Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Yes 69.4 67.264.1 61.8 No 17.319.11 25.4 25.7 DK 12.011.910.3 11.5 Refused 1.1 1.7 0.0 0.7

52. Information from Public Schools in Spanish? Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa ______________________________________ Yes78.083.8 75.4 75.5 No11.4 8.5 15.0 16.0 DK 9.2 6.3 9.5 7.6 Refused 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.7

53. Neighborhood Impacted by Pollution, Toxic Waste, Landfills? Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ No 65.267.4 70.1 71.6 Yes 29.325.0 26.6 25.1 DK 5.3 7.4 3.1 3.0

54. Pollution, Toxic Waste More, Less, or Equally Likely to be Located in Minority Neighborhoods? Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa ______________________________________ More/Equally 50.2 51.6 60.4 52.5 Likely Less Likely 28.5 27.9 19.8 28.6 DK/Ref 21.1 20.4 19.6 18.6

55. Your Views: Immigrants Effects on American Society Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Strengthen 91.0 95.3 94.792.5 Country A Burden 8.9 4.6 5.2 7.4 On Country

56. Preferred Immigration Policy Proposals Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa _______________________________________ Legalization 42.545.1 46.3 41.1 Guest worker 31.433.7 32.4 32.9 Leading to legalization Guest worker 11.6 8.8 8.6 13.0 Permits legalization Close border 4.5 3.3 3.8 3.2 None 9.7 8.7 8.7 9.6

57. Additional Information Regarding Latino National Survey

58. Latino National Survey Executive Summary Demographic Tables Background Tables Questionnaire and Toplines Available at the website of the Washington Institute for the Study of Ethnicity, Race, and Sexuality (WISER), University of Washington, Seattle: http://depts.washington.edu/uwiser/LNS.shtml