1. Slide 1 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Human Body Chapter 4

2. Slide 2 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Case History You respond to a call and find a 25-year-old woman who has been stabbed several times in the chest and abdomen. The wounds are located on the front of the chest wall between the fourth and fifth rib on the left side, on the center of the abdomen, just below the breastbone and in the lower abdomen just above the pubic bone. There is minimal external bleeding. You respond to a call and find a 25-year-old woman who has been stabbed several times in the chest and abdomen. The wounds are located on the front of the chest wall between the fourth and fifth rib on the left side, on the center of the abdomen, just below the breastbone and in the lower abdomen just above the pubic bone. There is minimal external bleeding.

3. Slide 3 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Terms  Superior  Inferior  Anterior (ventral)  Posterior (dorsal)  Midline  Lateral  Medial

4. Slide 4 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Slide 5 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Terms  Midclavicular  Midaxillary  Proximal  Distal  Palmar  Plantar  Bilateral

6. Slide 6 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Position  Erect  Prone  Supine

7. Slide 7 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Lateral Recumbent

8. Slide 8 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Shock Position 8-12 inches

9. Slide 9 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fowler’s

10. Slide 10 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Trendelenberg

11. Slide 11 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Movement  Abduction  Adduction

12. Slide 12 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Movement  Flexion  Extension  Hyperextension

13. Slide 13 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Movement  Medial rotation  Lateral rotation

14. Slide 14 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Organization of the Body  Cell – the fundamental unit of all living things  Tissue – cells grouped together to serve a common function  Organ – several type of tissues working together to serve a function (e.g., heart, liver, lungs)  Organ system – several organs working together to serve a complex function

15. Slide 15 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal System Function  Gives the body shape  Protects vital organs  Provides body movement

16. Slide 16 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal System

17. Slide 17 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Bones and Other Connective Tissues  Bones – a form of connective tissue  206 bones  Other forms of connective tissue  Cartilage  Ligaments  Tendons

18. Slide 18 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skull

19. Slide 19 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Spinal Column  33 vertebrae  Cervical – 7  Thoracic – 12  Lumbar – 5  Sacral – 5  Coccygeal - 4

20. Slide 20 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Major Body Cavities  Cranial  Spinal  Thoracic  Abdominopelvic

21. Slide 21 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Major Body Cavities

22. Slide 22 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pelvic Cavity

23. Slide 23 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Abdominal Quadrants

24. Slide 24 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Upper Extremities

25. Slide 25 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Lower Extremities

26. Slide 26 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Joints

27. Slide 27 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Muscle  Voluntary  Involuntary  Cardiac

28. Slide 28 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal Muscles

29. Slide 29 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Respiratory System

30. Slide 30 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Upper Respiratory Tract

31. Slide 31 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Lower Respiratory Tract

32. Slide 32 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Muscles of Respiration

33. Slide 33 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inspiration (Active)  Diaphragm flattens, increases inferior-superior diameter of chest  External intercostals pull ribs up, increase anterior-posterior, lateral dimensions  Increase in size — more volume, less gas, decrease in pressure, air rushes in  Inspiration continues until pressure between lung and atmosphere equalizes

34. Slide 34 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Expiration (Passive)  Elastic recoil of lungs plus muscle relaxation  Chest cavity decreases in size — less volume, more gas, air rushes out to atmosphere  Expiration continues until atmosphere and chest pressure are equal

35. Slide 35 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inspiration and Expiration

36. Slide 36 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

37. Slide 37 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Adequate Breathing  Normal rate  Adult — 12-20/minute  Child — 15-30/minute  Infant — 25-50/minute  Rhythm  Quality  Depth (tidal volume)

38. Slide 38 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inadequate Breathing  Rate — outside of normal ranges  Rhythm — irregular  Quality  Breath sounds — diminished or absent  Chest expansion — unequal or inadequate  Increased effort of breathing

39. Slide 39 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inadequate Breathing  Depth (tidal volume) — inadequate/shallow  Skin  Pale or cyanotic (blue)  Cool and clammy  Retractions  Nasal flaring  Seesaw breathing  Agonal respirations

40. Slide 40 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Infant and Child Anatomy Considerations  Smaller airway  Tongue is larger in relation to mouth  Trachea  Narrower  More pliable  Cricoid cartilage  Smaller and less rigid  Narrowest portion of the airway  Infants and children depend on diaphragm for breathing

41. Slide 41 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Heart and Great Vessels

42. Slide 42 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Pericardium

43. Slide 43 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chambers of the Heart

44. Slide 44 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

45. Slide 45 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Valves of the Heart

46. Slide 46 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

47. Slide 47 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Major Systemic Arteries

48. Slide 48 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Capillaries

49. Slide 49 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Major Systemic Veins

50. Slide 50 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Composition of Blood

51. Slide 51 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inadequate Circulation  Shock (hypoperfusion)  Perfusion  Hypoperfusion

52. Slide 52 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Central and Peripheral Nervous System

53. Slide 53 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Brain

54. Slide 54 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Reflex Action

55. Slide 55 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skin — Functions  Protect body from environment  Temperature regulation  Senses

56. Slide 56 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Structure of Skin

57. Slide 57 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Endocrine Glands

58. Slide 58 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Digestive System

59. Slide 59 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Urinary System

60. Slide 60 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Female Reproductive System

61. Slide 61 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Male Reproductive System

62. Slide 62 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Relevance of Anatomy and Physiology  Relationship of vital organs  Heart  Lung  Brain  Interdependent  Failure of one organ leads to failure of the others