1. Integrated Indicators of Salt Marsh Condition Pacific Estuarine Ecosystem Indicator Research (PEEIR) EaGLe

2. Integrated Indicators of Coastal Condition: A New Paradigm for scientists and managers 1.What was the Pacific Estuarine Ecosystem Indicator Research (PEEIR) program about? 2.Why is approach useful/practical? 3. Is it a paradigm shift? 4. Keeping the concepts alive A research partnership UCD/UCSB

3. Acknowledgments: 30 PIs, >70 participants Thanks Pacific Ecorisk

4. Problem Statement Sediment toxicity- Toxicity tests, chemical analysis, and invertebrate surveys are useful but limited tools Population Declines in the SF Bay Delta- Large scale interagency efforts have usually not considered contaminants (xc Smelt) Regional monitoring and wetland restoration- Better knowledge of contaminant effects in resident species is needed Overarching Problem- Techniques used to assess effects of contaminants on estuarine species are outdated New integrated approach needed linking ecology and toxicology

5. StressorCharacterization EcosystemModel Animal Indicators Gillichthys (mudsucker) Pachygrapsus (shore crab) Macoma (clam) Plant Indicators Salicornia (pickleweed) Spartina (cord grass) Exposure to Stress Individual Fitness, Physiological, Cellular Responses PopulationResponse EcosystemResponse Overall PEEIR Conceptual Model Microbial Indicators

6. Northern Study Sites Walker Creek Stege Marsh China Camp Toms Point San Francisco

7. Southern Study Sites Carpinteria Mugu Lagoon Morro Bay

8. General Approach Integrated sampling with 30 PIs Six salt marsh sites over 600 km of coast Fixed stations within sites, three elevations Integrated laboratory and field experiments Modelling activities directly linked

9. Liver P450 choriogeninsapoptosischolinesterase DNA damage Exposure/Effect Indicators ReproductiveIndicators Fish Condition (energetics/metabolism GSI, sex ratios, choriogenins,ovotestis, apoptosis in gonad, tumors Length/weight, liver/somatic index, histology (e.g. glycogen), otolith growth, mark-recapture, mark-recapture, DEB models DEB models

10. A Strategy for Integration?   Choose biomarkers and develop measures on field fish.   Describe inter-relationships among biomarkers and their responses in space. (what are the fish telling us about habitat quality?).   Diagnose proportions of fish in different “health” categories.   Extrapolate to the population using abundance estimates.   Paramaterize survival and reproductive rates for population models. Strategy for Integration Bennett, Nisbet, Fujiwara

11. Spartina Salt Exudates and metal bioavailability Analysis: collect salts in tube of water, analyze by ICP-MS No sample prep! Green, Higashi, Ustin

12. Measurements of Reproductive Fitness: –Fecundity –Embryo size & weight –Hatching Success –Larval Survival –Abnormalities* Metals and Organics –Sediment –Haemolymph –Embryo * Demographics Crab Indicator- Embryo abnormalities and toxicant burdens

13. -6-22610 FACTOR(1) -6 -2 2 6 10 FACTOR(2) Walker Toms Stege SITE Discriminant analysis of metals in embryos -30-20-1001020 FACTOR(1) -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 FACTOR(2) ExternalInternal Internal: poor discrimination of metals among sites External: Stege is distinct from Tomales sites Indicates that metals taken up by contacting sediment Links metal uptake to external abnormalities Morgan, Green

14. Identify Problem and Timeframe Implementing the PEEIR Process Develop Portfolio of Indicators Evaluate Condition of Resident Species Perform Statistical Integration Sample Archiving Refine Investigation Interpretation and Decision Making

15. High Risk/High Uncertainty Long Timeframe Large Balanced Portfolio Low/Moderate Risk and Uncertainty Relatively Short Timeframe More Modest and Targeted Portfolio Diagnosis Stressor Condition Step 3: Assign level of diversification

16. Stege Marsh Restoration Comparison of Resident Species Portfolios to Sediment Quality Triad

17. Question: Does an integrated suite of indicators of exposure, effect, and ecological response in wetland plants and animals add value to the currently available toxicity tests and chemical analysis techniques in assessing condition, diagnosing stressor-specific responses and planning restoration of salt marsh habitats Relevant? Example of integrated approach for sentinel organisms

18. PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING TOOLS: CHEMISTRY - PCBs

19. PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING TOOLS: CHEMISTRY - HERBICIDES

20. PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING TOOLS: CHEMISTRY - PAHs

21. PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING TOOLS Toxicity Data: NH 3 interference Varies with time Varies by exposure Extremely patchy Not realistic for marshes Chemistry Data: Characterizes metals/organics Unknown compounds Effects of mixtures unclear Varies over time Costly if done well

22. PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING TOOLS: BENTHIC INFAUNA  Variation in species composition among sites and stations v Variation in physical parameters among sites and stations v Variation in marsh habitats: channel bottom/marsh plane v Variation over time based on seasonal, annual changes v Difficulty in establishing causal inferences

24. Exposure to Stress IndividualPhysiologic and Cellular Response PopulationResponse EcosystemResponse   Relevant responses without extrapolation v v Improved information richness v v Implementation in restoration feasible v v Truly diagnostic indicators v v Toxicological and Ecological responses linked v v Indicator organisms provide framework for scaling   Potential utility for regulatory process being evaluated Supplementing the Eco-Risk Paradigm

25. Paradigm: An important way that ecologists and toxiologists relate is by characterizing dose response relationships then characterizing the composition of communities. This works for simple issues but not for multiple stressors. PEEIR paradigm is to characterize responses of organisms and then ask why.

30. Take Home Points Contaminants cause harmful effects on fish and invertebrates Need to monitor health of the organisms- presence not enough New methods available to discern contaminant effects in saltmarshes Methods using resident species are informative- integration The methods can be used individually or packaged into portfolios Portfolios vary with the type of problem These approaches should be applied to wetland restoration/monitoring Other applications include TMDLs and emerging contaminants The approach is transferrable to other aquatic ecosystems Partnerships and policy changes needed for full implementation Clear goals and vision important to keep concepts alive-ask the fish! Information from www.bml-ucdavis.ucdavis.edu/peeir/ Integrated science bridging ecology & toxicology is wave of the future

31. PEEIR Folks: Susan Anderson, BML Roger Nisbet, UCSB Gary Cherr, BML Stephen Morgan, BML Bill Bennett, BML Peter Green, UCD And many others!

32. Some Guiding Principles v Major concerns include population decline for many species, and loss of biodiversity. Managers need rapid, cheap, effective indicators that anticipate long-term population and community changes. vWest coast estuaries provide a wide range of ecosystem services. vWest coast estuaries are heavily impacted by multiple stressors. vThe indicator species are common organisms in many west coast marshes. Transferability of insight from the indicator species to others requires understanding the biological and ecological mechanisms that link the indicators to the processes of interest. vPEEIR aims to develop tools that will allow decisions relating to population and community phenomena to use these physiologically- based indicators. The aim is to identify, and test, the key steps connecting physiological responses to ecological processes. v The effects of stressors are typically characterized by effects on individual organisms. PEEIR is developing indicators that refine our ability to identify stressors, and characterize their effects on individual physiology.

33. Goal and Scope To develop indicators of salt marsh condition that can be used to diagnose the significance of specific causes of stress as well as to facilitate restoration and management. that can be used to diagnose the significance of specific causes of stress as well as to facilitate restoration and management.

34. Other Issues Wetland degradation Wetland degradation Fish population declines Fish population declines Hg in Tomales Bay- health advisory Hg in Tomales Bay- health advisory Pathogens and beach closures Pathogens and beach closures Endocrine disruption Endocrine disruption Restoration activities Restoration activities Exotic species Exotic species Pesticides & emerging contaminants Pesticides & emerging contaminants Abnormal fish larvae Failed Mercury Mine, Tomales Bay