1. Hazardous Materials Production to Destruction

2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration – The toxicity of a substance is its ability to cause harmful effects. – All chemicals can cause harm. – When only a very large amount of the chemical can cause damage, the chemical is considered to be relatively non-toxic. When a small amount can be harmful, the chemical is considered toxic.

3. Physical v. Chemical Hazard Physical is a danger of fire, explosion, etc. that a material can cause. This is much easier to control and measure. Chemical Hazard is the danger the material itself poses to humans/environment due to its existence.

4. Toxic v. Hazardous The toxicity of a substance is the potential of that substance to cause harm, and is only one factor in determining whether a hazard exists. The hazard of a chemical is the practical likelihood that the chemical will cause harm. A chemical is determined to be a hazard depending on the following factors: – toxicity: how much of the substance is required to cause harm, – route of exposure: how the substance enters your body – dose : how much enters your body

5. Toxic v. Hazardous – duration: the length of time you are exposed, – reaction and interaction: other substances you are exposed to, and – sensitivity: how your body reacts to the substance compared to others

6. Modes of Transmission Skin Contact Inhalation Ingestion Eye Contact

7. Health Affects Acute – Meaning they act immediately like producing a cough, watery eyes, nausea, etc. Chronic Affects – Meaning the effect they have is long term and sometimes cumulative. X-ray exposure, noxious cleaning chemicals, etc.

8. What form do hazardous materials take? Solid Liquid Gas Vapor Dust Fume Fiber Mist

9. How are we protected Workers must have access to MSDS sheets of materials they work with Trucks are placarded Warning Labels on Containers Rivalry between EPA and OSHA keeps everyone on their toes

10. How does using HM impact everyone? Insurance rates Injuries/Death Cleanup Environmental Damage Evacuation Product Loss Traffic Delays

11. Costs on Highways Only 2,484 Accidents/yr Accidents = $1.2 B/yr – Includes: losses of product emergency vehicles Insurance Deaths and cleanup

12. What to do with HMW Incinerate Landfill Chemically Treat Resource Recovery Deep Injection Wells Export

13. Problems with disposal Costly, in most cases the cost of fines for release are much less expensive than cost of proper disposal Lack of Space Environmental Racism

14. What is the US doing? Cercla – Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation And Liability Act of 1980 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Superfund Program taxes oil refineries and hazardous materials producers and uses these to finance cleanup of these sites once they are unusable. National Priorities List rates these. Not surprisingly this is not enough to pay for pollution/cleanup

15. What is the US doing? Transporters of waste and materials are charged a fee – This money is used to fund grants for states to train Hazardous Emergency Response Teams and develop planning for such emergencies

16. Countries that address HM and Waste These are mostly taxes/fees for dumping hazardous wastes France Spain Belgium among others

17. What is the world community doing? Basel Convention (ESM - environmentally sound management) – US has not ratified

18. HMW Hazardous waste taxes are a statistically and economically significant deterrent to interstate waste transport, that taxes are being imposed by large-capacity and large-import states, and that therefore these taxes have had a decentralizing effect on the" national pattern of hazardous waste transport and disposal.

19. Sources http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/ http://www.osha.govwww.osha.gov http://www.epa.govwww.epa.gov http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=226069 http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/publications/epp/93/93c.html http://hazmat.dot.gov/files/registration/0304/regbrch2004.pdf http://www.europa.eu.int