1. Innovative Modalities for Research Collaboration Richard E. Bissell 17 June 2009 Science Forum 2009

2. ARIs Universities Researchers IARCs NARS SROs NGOs CSOs SMEs The Linear Model

3. The Open Model IARCs ARIs Developers NARs SMEs MNCs Researchers

4. The Regulated Model Challenge Definition Information Exchange Outcomes Management Science Community Technology Community and Users

5. Challenge Definition Basic or applied research Breakthrough or incremental technology Global or regional/local Big science or little science Science or technology Time to application Priority Setting Cost-benefit calculations Outcome: mobilization

7. Annual corn yield growth rate (% yr−1) in the United States Source: Christopher J. Kucharik* and Navin Ramankutty, “Trends and Variability in U.S. Corn Yields Over the Twentieth Century” Earth Interactions Volume 9 (2005),Paper No. 1, Page 5.

8. EX: Technological Challenge to Benefit Africa Agriculture soil management techniques integrated water management climate and weather prediction annotated crop genomes genome-based animal breeding plant-mediated gene silencing biocontrol and biopesticides disease-suppressive soils Source: US National Research Council, Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, July 2008.

9. EX: Scientific Challenges to Benefit African Agriculture soil-related nanotechnologies manipulation of the rhizosphere remote sensing of plant physiology site-specific gene integration spermatagonial stem cell transplantation microbial genomics of the rumen Photosynthetic microbe-based biofuels Energy storage breakthroughs

10. Information Exchange Diagnostic monitoring: ideally real-time Inventory of research response assets and their strategies Short-term research plans Real-time research data sharing Open access to research findings Proactive dissemination of applications: defined IPR regime

11. EX: Information Exchange Global HIV Vaccine Initiative proposed in 2003 Center for HIV Vaccine Immunology paired with the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery 16 research consortia 5 central service facilities (immunological evaluations and data and statistical analysis for real-time comparison of results) Focus on proof-of-concept experiments Legal agreements to share materials and data among laboratories

12. Outcomes Management From single user (Apollo Program) to multiple users (Space Station) Filling gaps in the institutional landscape Rules for public-private partnerships Multi-country and international approaches for collaboration Equitable sharing of benefits Shortening generational transfer

13. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Shared global benefits Science essential for diagnostics and identification of remedies Multilateral fund for outliers Timebound goals Monitoring systems Identification of follow-on priorities

14. Success Relevance Quality Outputs Outcomes: –Local –National –Global