1. IE 486 Work Analysis & Design II Effect of cellular telephone conversations and other potential interference on reaction time in a braking response Esteban Roberts Shakul Sharma IE 486 - Instructor: Vincent Duffy, Ph.D. Fri. Feb. 9, 2007

2. 10 ways to look at a research paper systematically for critical analysis 1. Research ideas/question - what is the purpose? 2. What is the background support? - literature review 3. Theoretical basis for analyzing question/hypothesis? 4. Applicability - practical contribution? 5. Theoretical contribution? 6. Appropriate techniques for carrying out study which include determining variables, data collection, method used to test hypotheses, validity of measures and reliability? 7. Appropriate statistical analyses and assumptions? 8. Presentation of results: what do they really mean? 9. Conclusions drawn: are they reasonable? 10. Future work/research directions: any possibilities?

3. 1. Research ideas/question - what is the purpose?  To determine the effect of cellular phone conversations and other potential interference on reaction time (RT) in a braking response  How does this effect compare with effects generated by other secondary tasks?

4. 2.What background support? - literature review  Studies showing that cellular phones increase collision risks (Tibshirani, 1997) and can impair aspects of driving performance (Alm and Nilsson, 1995; Brookhuis, 1991; Brown, 1969, McKnight, 1993).  Hands-free vs. to hand-held phones (Redelmeier and Tibshirani, 1997).

5. 3. Theoretical basis for analyzing question/hypothesis?  To what extent does the use of cellular phones affect the ability of a person to drive? How does this compare to other tasks?  Hypothesis is that cellular phone use would increase braking time, and that hands-free models would not significantly provide an advantage over regular phones.  They also predict that listening to radio would not affect braking response time greatly.

6. 4. Applicability-practical contribution?  Awareness of the possible dangers that using a cellular phone while driving can provoke.  Laws can be modified to ban the use of cellular phones while driving  Hands-free phones: are they really that much safer than regular ones?

7. 5.Theoretical contribution?  Re-design of cellular phones to try to make talking-while-driving safer.  Possibly car makers might re-think some of their alert designs

8. 6. Appropriate methodologies for carrying out study? (determining variables, data collection, method used to test hypotheses, validity of measures and reliability)  A sample size of 22  Eliminate gender variables  Special apparatus used. Simulated foot activity to measure response time

9. Five different trials under five different scenarios were used for each participant. 1.Driving without any distractions 2.Participants listened to radio 3. Driving while talking to the passenger 4.Participants engaged over a hand held phone 5. Participants engaged in a conversation via a hands-free phone Scenarios randomly assigned

10. 7. Appropriate statistical analyses and assumptions?  An alpha value of 0.05, for results within 95% C.I.  Different summary graphs. ANOVA was performed, p values < alpha.  F tests were significant as well along with Turkey pair wise comparisons.

11. 8. Presentation of results: what do they really mean?  Slower response time while talking over the phone (16-19%).  Listening to radio (4%).  Response time same when having conversations.  Men and Women- same response time.

12. Table 1. Mean reaction times

13. 9. Conclusions drawn: are they reasonable?  Reasonable conclusions.  The sample taken cannot be generalized.  Implications for real world driving are hard to test.  Other aspects to be considered – paced conversations, voice commands in phones.

14. 10. Future work/research directions: any possibilities?  Experimenting under real driving conditions and with larger sample sizes.  In-depth research's on impairments by other tasks. Consider other aspects of using cellular phones while driving that were not considered in this research