1. INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Ms. Autumn Pettit
Instructor

2. Section I: The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice
A Brief History:
Laws: A body of rules that govern conduct with penalties for violations
Historically, in other countries, the ruler created the law and enforced it.
In the US laws are not enforced by the creators but by law enforcement officials

3. Primitive and Ancient Law
Law enforcement can be traced back to cave dwellers.
Tribes and clans
Justice was retaliatory: punish the offender.
Punishment delivered by victim or victims family.

4. Common Punishments: Flaying Impalement Burning at stake Stoning
Branding
Mutilation
Crucifixion

5. Egypt
Developing Court System
Judges were appointed by Pharaoh
Public officers performed police functions
Greece
Ephori
Investigator, judge, jury & executioner
Presided over Senate and Assembly

6. Rome
Twelve Tables
1st written laws
Urban Cohort, Praetorian Guard
Used to protect the palace and patrol the city
Vigiles
1st civilian police force
Where word vigilante was derived
Justinian Code
Corpus Juris Civilis: Body of Law

7. English Law and Law Enforcement
Anglo-Saxons and the Tithing System
Tithing system
-Group of 10 families
-Responsible for maintaining order
-Enforced two laws: Murder & Theft
-Hue & Cry
Hundreds
-Group of 10 Tithing
-Top official: reeve
-Elected a constable, 1st English police officer

8. Hundreds were consolidated into Shires or Counties
The head of the shire was the shire-reeve
-Forerunner to our county sheriff
-Both police officer and judge
-Power of posse comitatus (later known as posse)

9. Norman Frankpledge System
1066 William the Conqueror invaded England
Modified tithing system into Frankpledge System
Required loyalty to the king’s law and responsibility of free Englishmen to maintain peace

10. Twelfth Century Henry I: 1100-1135 Leges Henrici
-Made law enforcement a public matter and separated offenses into felonies and misdemeanors.
Henry II:
-Established the jury system

11. Magna Carta
-Signed by King John
-Precedent for democratic government
-Required rulers uphold the law
-forbade taxation without representation
-required due process, including trial by jury, and safeguards against unfair imprisonment

12. Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners
Henry Fielding fought for social and criminal reform
Established the Bow Street Runners
1st detective unit in London
Volunteer force
Foot and horse patrols

13. Peelian Reform
Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel
“father of modern policing”
Proposed community responsibility for preserving law and order
Lead to the organization of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829

14. London Metropolitan Police
“Bobbies”
Uniformed
Primary function was crime prevention through patrol
Were not popular
1883 appointed two women to supervise women convicts
1905 women conducted inquiries in cases involving women and children

15. Early Law Enforcement in the United States
Boston
1631
Six man force
Primary function was to ring bell in case of fire
In effect for more than 200 hundred years
1735 required to call out time and weather

16. New York New Amsterdam 1643 “burgher guard” formed to protect colony
1653 changed to “rattle watch”
1844 paid round clock police force
First uniform police force

17. Slave Patrols Vigilante Movement Enforce Curfews Catch runaways
Suppress rebellion
Vigilante Movement
Refers to the absence of law enforcement
Settlers taking law into their own hands

18. Federal Agencies Department of Justice FBI FDEA US Marshals
INS (now Dept of Homeland Security)
BOP

19. Department of Treasury
Bureau of Customs
IRS
Secret Service (Dept of Homeland Security)
BATF

20. Department of Homeland Security
-Created after 9/11
-Oversees Secret Service, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly INS), and U.S. Coast Guard.

21. -Coroner or Medical Examiner
State Agencies
-State highway patrol
-Texas Rangers
County Agencies
-Sheriff
-County Police
-Coroner or Medical Examiner

22. Local Agencies
-Constable
-Marshall
-Municipal Police
Overlap
-five levels of government

23. Three Eras of Policing Political Era (1840-1930)
-decentralized organization
-intimate relationship with community
-foot patrol
-police corruption
-Pendleton Act (can not fire or promote for political reasons)

24. Minorities
-segregated and discriminated against
Women
-1883: First police officer: Marie Owen
Wickersham Commission
-Herbert Hoover
-police brutality
-called for higher professional standards

25. Reform or Professional Era (1930-1980)
-crime control
-centralized & efficient organization
-professional remoteness from community
-motorized patrol
-emphasized importance of college educated officers.

26. Women and Minorities -Griggs v. Duke Power Company
-Equal Employment Opportunity Act
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment:
-Questioned preventative Patrol

27. Community Era (1980-Present)
-Community Support
-Professionalism
-Broad range of services
-Problem solving approach
-Proactive

28. Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice System
Puritan Emphasis
-Children were basically evil
-Children who broke the law were dealt with severely
-1820’s laws were passed to protect children from punishment associated with criminal law
-New York’s House of Refuge

29. Juvenile Court -1st juvenile court: Cook County Illinois
-Regulated treatment and control of dependent, neglected and delinquent children
-purpose was to save the child