Diogenes and Alexander

Diogenes and Alexander
Lesson 10 Diogenes and Alexander Gilbert Highet

Contents Part One: Warm-up Part Two: Background Information Part Three: Text Appreciation Part Four: Language Study Part Five: Extension

Part One Warm-Up Do you know?
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Part One Warm-Up Do you know? What is the meaning of each of the following words? Bookkeeper D.J. Baker Cop Bus-girl Smokey the Bear 记账员唱片音乐的播音员面包师警察餐厅打杂的女工森林警备人员 W B T L E To be continued on the next page.

To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Do you know? Tom, Dick and Harry Mr. Right Peeping Tom 一般人白马王子登徒子 W B T L E To be continued on the next page.

Do you know? What did dogs symbolize in the ancient world?
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Do you know? What did dogs symbolize in the ancient world? They were symbols of shamelessness. W B T L E The end of Do you know.

Part Two Background Information
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Part Two Background Information Author Diogenes Cynicism Alexander the Great Aristotle & Plato Hercules

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander
Author Gilbert Highet (1906—1978) was US “educator, author, and critic”. “He is noted for popularizing intellectual topics; wrote ‘Anatomy of Satire,’ 1962.” The end of Author.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Diogenes Diogenes: (412 B.C. — 324 B.C.), Greek philosopher who founded the Cynic school of philosophy, stressing self-control and the pursuit of virtue. He was the son of Hicesias, who was exiled from his home town of Sinope, allegedly for defacing its debased currency. Thereafter, he lived in streets of Corinth and Athens where he is said to have lived in a barrel. He became the prototype of Cynicism. To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Diogenes Diogenes has been described as a Socrates gone mad. Like Socrates, he saw himself encouraging men to examine their own behaviour, and to live a virtuous life. By this, he meant a life of total self sufficiency free from social restraint, and distracting desires. Living life according to nature was interpreted by Diogenes to mean a back to the basic existence. Virtue lay in requiring the bare minimum for existence. He lived the life of a true ascetic. To be continued on the next page.

DIOGENES AND ALEXANDER
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Diogenes comparison: DIOGENES AND ALEXANDER Find out the similarities and differences. Find out the similarities and differences. During his lifetime, Diogenes encountered the most powerful of individuals and treated them with scorn. They in turn responded with admiration. When Alexander announced: "I am Alexander, the great king." Diogenes replied: "I am Diogenes the dog", using his nickname to show his contempt for the titles others valued. Alexander is quoted as saying that had he not been Alexander, he would have liked to have been Diogenes. The end of Diogenes.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Cynicism Origin of cynicism Cynicism derives its name from the Greek word for Dog. Aristotle refers to Diogenes as "The Dog" and Diogenes had no problem with the nickname. Cynicism was not a school of philosophy, but rather an erratic succession of individuals which began with the philosopher Antisthenes. Cynicism emphasized moral self-mastery, rejection of government, property, marriage and religion. However, Diogenes was not above stealing, claiming all things are the property of the wise. To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Cynicism What is cynicism? Cynicism: A philosophy, first expounded by Diogenes, that encourages indifference to social convention and material comforts in order to concentrate on self-knowledge. The aim of the Cynic was to become self-determining, hence free, by living in accordance with nature. To be continued on the next page.

The end of Alexander the Great.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander IV. Alexander the Great Alexander III was the King of Macedonia (336—323BC) and conqueror of Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, and Persia. His reign marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Age. Alexander's conquests and the administrative needs of his Greek-speaking successors promoted the spread of the Greek language and Greek culture across the eastern Mediterranean and into Mesopotamia. The end of Alexander the Great.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander V. Plato & Aristotle Plato (427?—347 B.C.?) was a Greek philosopher, a follower of Socrates. He founded the Academy (386 B.C.), where he taught and wrote for much of the rest of his life. Plato presented his ideas in the form of dramatic dialogues, as in The Republic. To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander V. Plato & Aristotle Quotations from Plato Either death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness, or, as men say, there is a change or migration of the soul from this world to another… Now if death be of such nature, I say that to die is to gain; for eternity is then only a single night. He who is of a calm and happy nature will hardly feel the pressure of age, but to him who is of an opposite disposition youth and age are equally a burden. The direction in which education starts a man will determine his future life. To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander V. Plato & Aristotle Aristotle (385—323 B.C.) was the greatest of heathen philosophers. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, ethics, metaphysics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, theory follows empirical observation, and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. To be continued on the next page.

The end of Plato & Aristotle.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander V. Plato & Aristotle His father was court physician to the King of Macedonia. From the age of 17 to 37 he remained as pupil of Plato and was distinguished among those who gathered for instruction. The relations between the renowned teacher and his illustrious pupil have formed the subject of various legends. There were divergencies of opinion between the master, who took his stand on sublime, idealistic principles, and the scholar, who, even at that time, showed a preference for the investigation of the facts and laws of the physical world. The end of Plato & Aristotle.

Lesson 4 - Wisdom of Bear Wood
VI. Hercules Hercules was the son of Zeus and Alcmene, a hero of extraordinary strength who won immortality by performing 12 labors demanded by Hera. The end of Hercules.

Text Appreciation Contents Text Analysis Writing Devices Diction
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Text Appreciation Contents Text Analysis Writing Devices Diction Contrast Analogy Transferred Epithet Sentence Paraphrase

Have you got the key elements in the essay?
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Text Analysis Have you got the key elements in the essay? Plot of the story Setting of the story Protagonists of the story Writing techniques of the story Theme of the story For reference

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Text Analysis For reference. Plot: description of two legendary figures, Diogenes the beggar and Alexander the Conqueror, and their encounter Setting: in a little square in Corinth, Greece Protagonists: Diogenes and Alexander Writing techniques: go to Writing devices Theme of the story: go to the next page To be continued on the next page.

Text Analysis Theme of the story
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Text Analysis Theme of the story The theme is summed up at the very end. Men should live a free life, a life free from the dependencies introduced by culture, society, civilization and opinion. Men are free when they stop toiling and sweating only for themselves. Great men are free and they are few in number. To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Text Analysis Structure of the text Part 1 (paras. 1—9) about: Part 2 (paras ) about: Part 3 (para. ) about: Part 4 (paras ) about: Portrait : Diogenes the beggar Diogenes’ response (as compared to the other people’s ) to the coming visit of Alexander 10—11 12 Portrait: Alexander the Conqueror 13—17 Alexander’s call on Diogenes To be continued on the next page.

Writing Devices Diction Negative words Complimentary words
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Diction Negative words Complimentary words Lexical repetition Formal and informal words Synonym Antonym Polysyndeton

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Diction Complimentary words More examples Only twenty, Alexander was far older and wiser than his years. … toward women, he was nobly restrained and chivalrous. Complimentary words are used to describe Alexander’s greatness. To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Diction Lexical repetition: repeating words in different positions in a sentence or paragraph Lexical Repetition Root repetition for emphasis They would throw sharp questions at him and get sharper answers. Sometimes they threw bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse. Intermittent repetition, in which words repeated are separated from each other by syntactic elements of varying length To be continued on the next page.

Formal & informal words The end of Formal &Informal words.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Mixed use of formal with informal words creates stylistic effect, stressing the contrast. Diction Formal & informal words Formal word Please find more examples in the text. He was not the first to inhabit such a thing. Informal word So he had one blanket—to dress him in the daytime and cover him at night—and he slept in a cask. The end of Formal &Informal words.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Diction In what way does the author choose to use these synonyms? Synonyms Specific words stone pebble mad lunatic live inhabit house hut shelter kennel barrel cask jar Clothes garment cloak get procure General words To be continued on the next page.

Writing Devices Diction Antonyms Opposite words emphasizing contrast
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Opposite words emphasizing contrast Diction Antonyms Please find more examples in the text. perishable everlasting rough handsome drunk sober … … The end of Antonym.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Diction Polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions in close succession, which has a cumulative effect Polysyndeton Stress each detail As the market place filled up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners, he had strolled through it for an hour or two. No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture. He was welcomed and honored and flattered. To be continued on the next page.

II. Writing devices Contrast
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander II. Writing devices Contrast The use of as, while, like, whereas to show contrast. Like Diogenes, he admired the heroic figure of Hercules, who labored to help mankind while all others toiled and sweated only for themselves. He understood Cynicism as the others could not. When a king approaches, all rise in respect. Diogenes merely sat up on one elbow. When a monarch enters a place, all greet him with a bow or an acclamation. Diogenes said nothing. conventional conduct Diogenes’ conduct To be continued on the next page.

Contrast: Diogenes and Alexander
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander II. Writing devices Contrast: Diogenes and Alexander Contrast is to set in opposition two objects of like nature to show their different qualities and compare their superiorities. Appearance manner Diogenes like a dog scratching, doing business in public etc Alexander youthful,handsome, strong body, purple and gold cloak, with an air of destiny Nobly restrained and chivalrous Contrast: old, beggarly living on bare earth, shoeless, half-naked, with single ragged garment To be continued on the next page.

Contrast: Diogenes & ALexander
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander II Writing devices Contrast: Diogenes & ALexander attitude behaviour Diogenes Lying on the ground when visited by the king … … ALexander … … Air of destiny Generous, kind Kindly greeting Scan the text and list out the related information. free and self-sufficient austere & naturalistic indifferent to power Bold, composed, frank … … To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Contrast: Diogenes & ordinary people ordinary Diogenes People A mischievous pebble A shower of stones and abuse Bits of food Scant thanks To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Contrast: Diogenes & ordinary people ordinary Diogenes People Living elaborately, expensively, and anxiously in a house (furniture, clothes, horses, servants, bank accounts) Living in a earthenware jar, shoeless, half-naked Rich, lazy, corrupt, profit-happy, stirring, drilling, rebuilding Sober, taking his cask and rolling it up and down To be continued on the next page.

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Contrast: Diogenes & ordinary people ordinary Diogenes People Crowding to congratulate, seek employment, rise in respect, bowing, acclaiming, tittering… Lying in the sunlight, contented, happy, sitting up on one elbow, remaining silent… To be continued on the next page.

Contrast: Diogenes & beggars
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Contrast: Diogenes & beggars Diogenes Beggars Inhabiting in a discarded earthen storage jar by his own choice, out of principle Sleeping in a cask because they could not afford to live in a house To be continued on the next page.

Contrast: Diogenes & hermits
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Contrast: Diogenes & hermits Retreating to persuade or convert others to his own doctrine Living in a cask on the street Retreating to live simply because they grew tired of human society with its complications Living on a small farm, in a quiet village, or in a hermit’s cave Diogenes hermits To be continued on the next page.

Writing Devices Contrast: Diogenes & other philosophers Diogenes
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Contrast: Diogenes & other philosophers Diogenes Talking to or teaching those who ever cared to listen to, or admired him A crowd of ordinary people could serve as laboratory, specimens, lecture halls and pupils. Other famous philosophers Teaching their own private pupils Private pupils were taught in lecture halls etc. The end of Contrast.

Writing Devices Analogy
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Analogy Analogy chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion His life’s aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. Analogy developed through parallel similarities The end of Analogy.

There was an amazed silence. The end of transferred epithet.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Writing Devices Transferred epithet Transferred epithet: an adjective transferred from the noun it should modify to another to which it does not belong … sometimes a mischievous pebble… “Mischievous” modifying the person who threw a pebble There was an amazed silence. “Amazed” describing the people who were amazed The end of transferred epithet.

lifted out as if with a ladle had answered nature’s call like a dog
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Sentence Paraphrase 1 He had opened his eyes…, done his business like a dog at the roadside, … eaten them squatting on the ground, and washed them down with a few handfuls of water scooped from the spring. (1) “-ful” is used as a noun suffix. lifted out as if with a ladle had answered nature’s call like a dog go to 2

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Sentence Paraphrase 7 But he was the first who ever did so by choice, out of principle. (3) More examples Based on a principle But he was the first to do so because he wanted to. go to 8 To be continued on the next page.

Sentence Paraphrase I opened the box out of curiosity.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Sentence Paraphrase I opened the box out of curiosity. She began to learn to cook out of interest, not out of necessity. He paid a visit out of respect. back to 7

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Sentence Paraphrase 8 Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape complexities and extravagances: only so can you live a free life. (4) More examples Inverted order Only when you live without artificial and false conventions and avoid complex lives can you live a free life. go to 9 To be continued on the next page.

Sentence Paraphrase Only in this way can we learn English well.
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Sentence Paraphrase Only in this way can we learn English well. Only if all their conditions are met will the strikers go back to work. back to 8

Sentence Paraphrase 9 In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (4) Antonyms to show contrast antonyms Root repetition People get only some false and easily spoiled material goods at the cost of their own everlasting independence. go to 10

Sentence Paraphrase 10 His life’s aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (5) Diogenes and his father were once convicted for defacing the coins. Life is like a metal marked with false and conventional values. His life task is to remove those false markings and imprint a true value on it. go to 11

Sentence Paraphrase 12 Diogenes took his old cask and began to roll it up and down. “When you are all so busy,” he said, “ I feel I ought to do something!” (9) Sharp contrast between Diogenes and the Corinthian people attitudes and behavior When the Corinthians were busy preparing for the coming war, Diogenes rolled his cask up and down to ridicule their silly behavior. The end of Sentence Paraphrase.

Part Four Language Study
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Part Four Language Study Word Study Phrases and Expressions Grammar W B T L E

Word Study Word list: acclaim content convert corrupt creed convention
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study Word list: acclaim content convert corrupt creed convention discard doctrine 9. elaborate 10. elegant 11. emulate 12. erase 13. expedition 14. extravagance fiery 16. flatter W B T L E

Word Study acclamatory acclamation 1. acclaim
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study Word formation 1. acclaim acclamatory acclamation Synonym v. to praise enthusiastically and often publicly n. enthusiastic applause Examples: Penicillin was acclaimed as the most important discovery during the 1940's. He was acclaimed as the winner. applause praise hail W B T L E

Word Study contented 2. content contentment discontented
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study Word formation 2. content contented contentment discontented a. a. satisfied b. willing v. to make satisfied n. a. something contained b. subject matter of a written work c. substantive or meaningful part d. proportion of a specified substance Collocation be content to do be content with content oneself with to one’s heart content W B T L E To be continued on the next page.

Word Study Examples: She was content to step down after four years as chief executive. She is content with very little. He contented himself with one piece of cake. The brain is hungry not for method but for content. W B T L E

Word Study 3. convert v. a. to adapt to a new or different purpose
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 3. convert Word formation v. a. to adapt to a new or different purpose b. to persuade to adopt a religion, or belief c. to exchange for sth. of equal value conversion convertible Collocation convert to convert into Examples: That building has been converted into a school. We converted to Islam several years ago. I want to convert some RMB into US dollars. W B T L E

Word Study 4. corrupt rotten dishonest deprave debase
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study Synonyms 4. corrupt rotten dishonest deprave debase a. a. marked by immorality and perversion b. dishonest v. a. to ruin morally b. to taint; contaminate c. to cause to become rotten; spoil Examples: We find him a corrupt judge. The businessman was sent to prison for trying to corrupt a tax official with money. W B T L E

Word Study n. a system of beliefs, principles, or laws 5. creed
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 5. creed n. a system of beliefs, principles, or laws Examples: Discrimination should be banned on the basis of race or creed. He had an architectural creed that demanded simple lines. W B T L E

Word Study 6. convention convene conventional unconventional
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 6. convention Word formation convene conventional unconventional n. all habits or traditions Examples: It is the convention for men to wear suits on formal occasions. By convention, north is at the top of most maps. Synonyms custom habits tradition W B T L E

Word Study 7. discard reject v. to throw away; reject abandon desert
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 7. discard Synonyms reject abandon desert v. to throw away; reject Example: She bundled up the clothes she would discard. W B T L E

Word Study 8. doctrine creed n. rule or principle belief Example:
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 8. doctrine synonyms creed belief n. rule or principle Example: They strongly opposed the Monroe Doctrine. W B T L E

Word Study 9. elaborate v. to work out with care and detail
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 9. elaborate v. to work out with care and detail a. intricate and rich in detail Examples: elaborate plan elaborate furniture elaborate security precaution W B T L E

Word Study 10. elegant polished refined
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 10. elegant Synonyms polished refined graceful a. exhibiting refined, tasteful beauty of manner, form, or style Examples: elegant woman elegant clothes Word formation elegance W B T L E

Word Study 11. emulate rival imitate copy
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 11. emulate Synonyms rival imitate copy follow v. to strive to equal or excel, especially through imitation Example: You must work hard to emulate your brother's success. W B T L E

Word Study 12. erase remove v. to wipe out or rub out cancel delete
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 12. erase Synonyms remove cancel delete v. to wipe out or rub out Examples: erase an equation from the blackboard erase all thoughts of failure from his mind erase a file from the disc erase the video cassette W B T L E

Word Study 13. expedition n. a journey undertaken by a group of
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 13. expedition n. a journey undertaken by a group of people with a definite objective expedite v. to speed up the progress of; facilitate Examples: a scientific expedition to the South Pole The builders promised to expedite the repairs. W B T L E

Word Study 14. extravagance luxury n. luxury Example:
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 14. extravagance Synonym luxury n. luxury Example: Salmon trout is an unnecessary extravagance. W B T L E

Word Study 15. fiery a. flaming, growing, passionate like fire
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 15. fiery a. flaming, growing, passionate like fire fiery hair a fiery sunset fiery cheeks a fiery boil a fiery temper a fiery denunciation 火红的头发火红的夕阳发红的脸蛋红肿的水疱暴躁的脾气激烈的控诉 W B T L E

Word Study 16. flatter v. a. to compliment excessively and often
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Word Study 16. flatter Synonym v. a. to compliment excessively and often insincerely b. portray favorably Examples: What really flatters a man is that you think him worth flattering. The photograph flatters its subject. compliment praise W B T L E

Phrases and Expressions
Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Phrases and Expressions List: seek out toil and sweat a (large) corps of by design provide for W B T L E

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Phrases and Expressions 1. a (large) corps of a body of persons acting together or associated under common direction Example: A corps of technicians is/are accompanying the band on their tour. Similar phrases: a crowd of a large quantity of W B T L E

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Phrases and Expressions 2. by design on purpose, deliberately, intentionally Example: Did you phone me on my birthday by accident or by design? W B T L E

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Phrases and Expressions 3. provide for a. to take measures in preparation b. to supply means of subsistence Examples: We should provide for the common defense of the states. She provides for her family by working in a hospital. W B T L E

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Phrases and Expressions 4. seek out to look for something and find it Example: After the meeting he sought out the person who had spoken about the plan. W B T L E

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Phrases and Expressions 5. toil and sweat to work very hard for a long time Example: The laborers toiled and sweated during the hot summer. W B T L E

Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Grammar Inversion Definition: reversal of the normal order of words, typically for rhetorical effect but also found in the regular formation of questions Example: There is a pen on the table. Here comes the bus. I like swimming and so does my sister. Only in this way can you solve the problem. Were I you, I would refuse. Try as I could, I could not pass the exam. W B T L E To be continued on the next page.

Part Five Text Extension
Topics for debating: Simple life brings happiness. The only thing people are interested in nowadays is earning more money.

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