1. Population Genetics Ch. 23 and Beyond; Lab/Lecture Same

2. Math Calisthenics I Ladybug Population Generation One Calculate TOTAL # A AA = 200 Aa = 100 aa = 200 Calculate Total # a

3. Math Calisthenics I Ladybug Population Generation One Calculate TOTAL # A (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 500 AA = 200 Aa = 100 aa = 200 Calculate Total # a (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 500

4. Calculate TOTAL # A (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 500 Convert to % A Calculate Total # a (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 500 Convert to % a

5. Calculate TOTAL # A (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 500 Convert to % A 500/1000 = 0.5 (AVOID USING 50%) Calculate Total # a (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 500 Convert to % a 500/1000 = 0.5 (AVOID USING 50%)

6. Ladybug Population Generation Two Calculate TOTAL # A AA = 300 Aa = 100 aa = 100 Calculate Total # a

7. Ladybug Population Generation Two Calculate TOTAL # A (300 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 700 AA = 300 Aa = 100 aa = 100 Calculate Total # a (100 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 300

8. Calculate TOTAL # A (300 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 700 Convert to % A Calculate Total # a (100 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 300 Convert to % a

9. Calculate TOTAL # A (300 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 700 Convert to % A 700/1000 = 0.7 Calculate Total # a (100 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 300 Convert to % a 300/1000 = 0.3

10. In the language of population genetics, p = % DOMINANT ALLELES q = % RECESSIVE ALLELES pq Ladybug Generation 1 Ladybug Generation 2

11. In the language of population genetics, p = % DOMINANT ALLELES q = % RECESSIVE ALLELES pq Ladybug Generation 1 0.5 Ladybug Generation 2 0.70.3

12. Class brainstorming - what might cause a shift in allele frequencies (% A/a or p/q)?

13. Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if…

14. LARGE POPULATION

15. Genetic Drift: allele % fluctuations due to TOO SMALL SAMPLE - BOTTLENECK

16. Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if… LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION

17. Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if… LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION NO MUTATIONS

18. Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if… LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION NO MUTATIONS MATING RANDOM

19. Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if… LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION NO MUTATIONS MATING IS RANDOM NO SELECTION FOR CERTAIN TRAITS

20. Predicting and Detecting Variation

21. For dom/rec traits, which is only genotype you know for certain based on phenotype?

22. HW developed a useful predictive equation: p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

23. Let’s say you want to predict the # carriers of a new recessive disease allele. Math Calisthenics II Epidemiology Data from Monmouth aa = 1600/10,000 Calculate p Calculate qCalculate p 2 & 2pq

24. Let’s say you want to predict the # carriers of a new recessive disease allele. Math Calisthenics II Epidemiology Data from Monmouth aa = 1600/10,000 Calculate p Calculate q q 2 = 1600/10,000 = 0.16    = 0.4 = q Calculate p 2 & 2pq

25. Let’s say you want to predict the # carriers of a new recessive disease allele. Math Calisthenics II Epidemiology Data from Monmouth aa = 1600/10,000 Calculate p p + q = 1… SO 1 - 0.4 = p 0.6 = p Calculate q q 2 = 1600/10,000 = 0.16    = 0.4 = q Calculate p 2 & 2pq

26. Let’s say you want to predict the # carriers of a new recessive disease allele. Math Calisthenics II Epidemiology Data from Monmouth aa = 1600/10,000 Calculate p p + q = 1… SO 1 - 0.4 = p 0.6 = p Calculate q q 2 = 1600/10,000 = 0.16    = 0.4 = q Calculate p 2 & 2pq p 2 = (0.6)(0.6) = 0.36 2pq = 2(0.6)(0.4) = 0.48

27. Check Work! Does p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1? What does this data mean??? Lab: Aside from disease/carrier status, why is knowing heterozygosity important?

28. Many alleles display polymorphisms detectable at DNA OR PROTEIN LEVEL

29. Now consider sickle cell polymorphism…

30. Prokaryotes make protective nucleases called RESTRICTION ENZYMES (20.1-2)

31. e.g. DdeI cuts CTTAG - distinguishes hemoglobin alleles (Fig. 20.9)

34. In lab, you will explore protein gels of enzyme complexes to predict genotypes.

35. Consider that some enzymes are made of single proteins - MONOMERS Hom/DomHom/RecHet/Dom 1 BAND 2 BANDS

36. Others are made of multiple proteins - e.g. DIMERS, 2 FOLDED CHAINS Hom/DomHom/RecHet/Dom 1 BAND 3 BANDS

37. Population Genetics and Evolution

38. Do any populations meet HW conditions? RARELY AND NOT FOR LONG

39. Evolution: CHANGES in the genetic makeup of a population OVER TIME