1. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Honors Biology

2. Is evolution occurring right now?  How might a scientist tell if evolution is occurring within a population?

3. Use the Hardy Weinberg Equation!

4. Review Mendel’s work  Organisms have 2 alleles for each trait  Only 1 can be passed to offspring  This passing is requires alleles to separate in meiosis in a random fashion

5. Gene Pools  Collection of alleles within a population  Ex: 1,000 cats  Black (B) is dominant to white (b)

6. Allele Frequency  If governed by complete dominance,  EX: 1,000 cats BB – black (360) = 36% Bb – black (480) = 48% Bb – white (160) = 16%

7. Lets do some math  With two alleles per cat, there are 2,000 alleles in the population  If there are: 360 black (AA) = 720 B alleles 480 black (Aa) = 480 B alleles & 480 b alleles 160 white (aa) = 320 b alleles

8.  Allele frequencies: 1200 / 2000 B alleles exist (60% or 0.6) 800 / 2000 b alleles exist (40% or 0.4)

10. If evolution is not occurring,  The allele frequencies will not fluctuate over time  Population is said to be at Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE)

11. H.W.E. Conditions 1. Very large population size 2. Isolation from other populations 3. No Mutations 4. Random Mating 5. No natural selection

12. Applying H.W.E.  p represents the dominant allele  q represents the recessive allele p + q = 1 0.6 B alleles + 0.4 b alleles = 1

13. Solve this story problem  In certain Native American groups, albinism is due to a homozygous recessive condition. If the frequency of the allele for this condition is 0.06, what is the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? p + q = 1 P +.06 = 1 p =.94

14. Applying H.W.E.  (p + q) X (p + q) = p 2 +2pq + q 2 Male gametes Female gametes genotype frequencies in next generation

15. Applying H.W.E.  p 2 = homozygous dominant condition  2pq = Heterozygous condition  q 2 = homozygous recessive condition p 2 +2pq + q 2 = 1 BB + 2Bb + bb = 1

16. Solve this story problem  In a certain flock of sheep, 4 percent of the population has black wool and 96 percent has white wool.  If black wool is a recessive trait, what percentage of the population is heterozygous for this trait? p 2 +2pq + q 2 = 1 p + q = 1