1. Metropolitan Realities - Introduction I.Ohio Metropatterns II.See also A.research assignment from last yearresearch assignment from last year B.Promoting Regionalism in Cleveland by john powell, 2004 (PowerPoint, link to be provided) C.Comeback City or Treading Water, by David Rusk, 2001 (Word document, link to be provided)

2. PROBLEMS I.SPRAWL AND DECONCENTRATION = MOVEMENT OUTWARD OF A.URBANIZED LAND B.PEOPLE C.BUSINESS II.POLARIZATION (SOCIOECONOMIC) A.MOVEMENT TOWARD EXTREMES OF WEALTH AND POVERTY 1.AMONG COMMUNITIES WITHIN A REGION 2.RELATED TO POLARIZATION OF FAMILY INCOMES

3. CONNECTION BETWEEN SPRAWL AND POLARIZATION - UNEVEN OUTMIGRATION I.THE MORE AFFLUENT (ECONOMIC POLARIZATION) A.SOME OUTER SUBURBS ATTRACT WEALTHY FAMILIES AND/OR HIGH-END BUSINESS II.DISPROPORTIONATELY WHITE POPULATION

4. CONSEQUENCES I.INNER CITY, OLDER SUBURBS (THE CORE) A.LOW TAX BASE 1.Tax base = wealth and revenue a what a city can tax to raise revenue: income, property (residential and commercial) sales B.INCREASINGLY POOR POPULATION 1.MANY NEIGHBORHOODS OF CONCENTRATED POVERTY 2.INCREASING SOCIAL NEEDS AND SOCIAL PROBLEM (CRIME, UNEMPLOYMENT) 3.STRESS ON PUBLIC SCHOOLING C.RISING TAX RATES II.THESE “PUSH FACTORS” DRIVE OUT MORE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS AND BUSINESS

5. CONSEQUENCES, CONTINUED I.AFFLUENT OUTER SUBURBS A.FEW SOCIAL NEEDS, LOW POVERTY RATE B.HIGH TAX BASE C.CAN PROVIDE GOOD SCHOOLS, GOOD PUBLIC SERVICES D.BUT KEEP TAX RATES LOW II.THESE “PULL FACTORS” DRAW MORE MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES FROM THE CORE

6. CAUSES I.STRUCTURAL A.Political fragmentation B.Capital mobility C.Residential mobility II.PUBLIC POLICIES III.PRIVATE PRACTICES A.POWERFUL ECONOMIC ACTORS (DEVELOPER, HIGHWAY LOBBY, CORPORATIONS) IV.CULTURE A.INDIVIDUALISM B.PREJUDICES

7. KEY ORGANIZATIONS I.GAMALIEL FOUNDATION II.FIRST SUBURBS CONSORTIUM