1. INDUSTRIAL & SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (Lecture # 2)

2. 2 Functional Groupings of I & SE o Work Measurement o Performance Rating o Time Standards o Motion Study o Methods Improvement o Value Engineering o Manufacturability o Group Technology o Process Planning o Tooling Sequence o Material Substitution o Material Handling and Flow o Facility Design o Balance Assembly Lines o Automation Robotics o Personnel Testing, Selection, Placement o Training and Education o Wage, Other Incentives o Job Evaluation o Labor Relations o Ergonomics o Human Engineering o Job Enhancement o Safety Programs o Quality Circles o Forecasting o Operations Planning o Inventory Management o Materials RequirementPlanning o Operations Scheduling o Quality Assurance o Progress & Status Reporting o Corrective Action o Stores and Distribution o Capital Budgeting o Engineering Economy Studies o Cost Reduction Programs o Updating Standard CostsPrograms o Cost Estimating Procedures o Cost Tracking, Reporting o Management InformationRequirements o Manufacturing Data Base o Design of Reports o Analysis of Data o Feedback to all Levels o Decision Support Systems o Computer and CommunicationNetworks Industrial & Systems Engineering Department Methods, Standards Information Systems Financial and Cost Systems Production Control Product, Process and Facilities Personnel Production OperationsManagement Systems

3. 3 Functional Groupings of I & SE o Organization Design o Functional Analysis o Policy Manuals o Management Procedures o Multi-level Planning System o Strategic Planning o Globalization Studies o Enterprise Modeling o Systems Integration o Capacity Analysis o Plant Siting Analysis o Project Management o Total Quality Management o Resource Management Industrial & Systems Engineering Department o Key Result Areas o Measures of Merit o Performance Tracking, by Unit o Corrective Action o Reports Policies & Procedures Performance Measurement Comprehensive Planning Analysis o Model Building o Simulation o OR Studies o Statistical Studies o Analysis of Dynamic System Behavior o Artificial Intelligence o Designed Experiments Corporate Services

4. 4 Effectiveness Measures for I & SE Industrial engineering is involved in certain ongoing activities of a repetitive nature and certain other one-time activities of a project nature Industrial engineering is involved in certain ongoing activities of a repetitive nature and certain other one-time activities of a project nature The actual accomplishments should be compared to the goals of the department The actual accomplishments should be compared to the goals of the department

5. 5 A set of interrelated components working together to accomplish common aims & objectives A set of interrelated components working together to accomplish common aims & objectives A system is an entity that maintains its existence through the mutual interaction of its parts. A system is an entity that maintains its existence through the mutual interaction of its parts. Multiplicity of interacting parts that collectively work towards a common goal. Multiplicity of interacting parts that collectively work towards a common goal. A collection of entities or parts that are linked and interrelated such as hydrologic cycle, cities, and transportation modes. A collection of entities or parts that are linked and interrelated such as hydrologic cycle, cities, and transportation modes. Collection of workers, management, machines, processes, etc. that work together, e.g., to provide some major infrastructure's services (e.g., water distribution system, buildings, electrical system). Collection of workers, management, machines, processes, etc. that work together, e.g., to provide some major infrastructure's services (e.g., water distribution system, buildings, electrical system). SYSTEM Definition

6. 6 Systems A system is a set of components which are related by some form of interaction, and which act together to achieve some objective or purpose A system is a set of components which are related by some form of interaction, and which act together to achieve some objective or purpose Components – individual parts Components – individual parts Relationships – cause and effect dependencies Relationships – cause and effect dependencies Objective – desired state Objective – desired state System Classification System Classification Natural & man-made systems Natural & man-made systems Static & dynamic systems Static & dynamic systems Physical & abstract (Model, mathematical) systems Physical & abstract (Model, mathematical) systems Open & closed systems Open & closed systems

7. 7 SYSTEM Classification Natural vs. Artificial or Man-Made Systems: Natural systems are those systems that exist as a result of natural processes for example human body or water cycle Natural systems are those systems that exist as a result of natural processes for example human body or water cycle Technological or Artificial or Man-Made systems are systems developed by people. Examples can be cities, factories, transportation systems, computers, internet etc. Technological or Artificial or Man-Made systems are systems developed by people. Examples can be cities, factories, transportation systems, computers, internet etc.

8. 8 SYSTEM Classification Static vs. Dynamic Systems: A static system has a structure but there is no change or activity over a period of time for example a building or a bridge. A static system has a structure but there is no change or activity over a period of time for example a building or a bridge. A Dynamic system show varying behavior over time, a manufacturing or chemical plant, an automobile, and human bodies are examples of a dynamic system. A Dynamic system show varying behavior over time, a manufacturing or chemical plant, an automobile, and human bodies are examples of a dynamic system.

9. 9 This mutual interaction gives rise to a very important characteristic of a system known as emergence or synergy - the properties that a system demonstrates can be entirely different from the properties of the elements that makes it. This mutual interaction gives rise to a very important characteristic of a system known as emergence or synergy - the properties that a system demonstrates can be entirely different from the properties of the elements that makes it. For example, Sodium Chloride or table salt, a harmless salt used daily in our food, is made up of highly reactive metal called sodium and a poisonous gas called chlorine. For example, Sodium Chloride or table salt, a harmless salt used daily in our food, is made up of highly reactive metal called sodium and a poisonous gas called chlorine. The properties that table salt has, vanishes if the two elements are separated from each other. The properties that table salt has, vanishes if the two elements are separated from each other. SYSTEM Emergence or Synergy

10. 10 Feedback Control in Systems Open-loop system – not able to provide for its own control or modification Open-loop system – not able to provide for its own control or modification Examples – watch, toaster and a car without a driver Examples – watch, toaster and a car without a driver Output = f (input), but input ≠ f (output) Output = f (input), but input ≠ f (output) Closed-loop system – controls or adjusts its own performance in response to output data generated by the system itself Closed-loop system – controls or adjusts its own performance in response to output data generated by the system itself Examples – air conditioning system, airplane autopilot Examples – air conditioning system, airplane autopilot Output = f (input) and input = f (output) Output = f (input) and input = f (output) OutputInput System Performance OutputInput System Performance Feedback

11. 11 1.State the problem. Stating the problem is the most essential task in system development. It entails recognizing customers, appreciating customer needs, establishing the need for change, delineating requirements and defining system functions. 2.Investigate alternatives. Alternatives are explored and evaluated based on criteria such as performance, cost and risk. 3.Model the system. Modeling the system sheds light on requirements, reveals bottlenecks and fragment activities, reduces cost and exposes replication of efforts. 4.Integrate. Integration means designing interfaces and bringing system elements together so that they work as a whole. This requires massive communication and coordination efforts. SYSTEM System Development Process

12. 12 5.Launch the system. Launching the system means operating the system and generating outputs -- letting the system do what it was intended to do. 6.Assess performance. Performance is assessed using output data -- measurement is the key. If output data cannot be measured properly, than system cannot be judged appropriately and consequently there will be no right curative actions. 7.Re-evaluation. Re-evaluation should be a recurrent and iterative process, available throughout all of the stages of SIMILAR in system development process. SYSTEM System Development Process

13. 13 SYSTEM System life cycle System development process can be achieved through a mechanism called system life cycle System development process can be achieved through a mechanism called system life cycle There are three system life cycle models presented here There are three system life cycle models presented here As can bee seen, all of the phases shown in the three models are related. The most detailed and elaborate model is the SE model As can bee seen, all of the phases shown in the three models are related. The most detailed and elaborate model is the SE model