1. TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS (Lecture # 2)

2. 2 System Development Process Developing a new system is a complex effort that requires several interrelated tasks Developing a new system is a complex effort that requires several interrelated tasks This process can be summarized as SIMILAR This process can be summarized as SIMILAR State the problem – most essential task State the problem – most essential task Investigate alternatives – alternatives evaluated based on criteria Investigate alternatives – alternatives evaluated based on criteria Model the system – sheds light on requirements Model the system – sheds light on requirements Integrate – designing interfaces and bringing system elements together Integrate – designing interfaces and bringing system elements together Launch the system – operating the system and generating outputs Launch the system – operating the system and generating outputs Assess performance – output data – measurement Assess performance – output data – measurement Re-evaluation – a recurrent and iterative process Re-evaluation – a recurrent and iterative process SIMILA RRRRR custome r needs product/ process

3. 3 System development process can be achieved through a mechanism called system life cycle System development process can be achieved through a mechanism called system life cycle There are several life cycle models – ISO/IEC 15288, NSPE and SE model There are several life cycle models – ISO/IEC 15288, NSPE and SE model The most detailed and elaborate model is the SE model The most detailed and elaborate model is the SE model System Development Process

4. 4 Managing System Development Proper management of system development process is the key to the success of the entire process Proper management of system development process is the key to the success of the entire process Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Split major project deliverables Split major project deliverables Offer means for collecting and organizing actual costs Offer means for collecting and organizing actual costs Provide a mechanism for performance measurement and control Provide a mechanism for performance measurement and control Cost control measures – comparing the actual cost to the estimated cost Cost control measures – comparing the actual cost to the estimated cost The Project Project Service Hardware Component Software Component WBS Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Module A Module B Module C WBS for a Software Project

5. 5 Managing System Development Critical Path Method (CPM) Critical Path Method (CPM) Path taking the longest time to complete the constituent steps during the course of a project Path taking the longest time to complete the constituent steps during the course of a project CPM can tell us CPM can tell us How long it will take to complete a project How long it will take to complete a project Activates that have to be completed on time – critical Activates that have to be completed on time – critical No activity from a node can start until all entering activities are finished No activity from a node can start until all entering activities are finished

6. 6 Managing System Development Critical Path Method (CPM) Critical Path Method (CPM) Activities in a Manufacturing System ActivityDescriptionRequired PredecessorDuration AProduct designNone6 BMarket researchNone2 CProduction analysisA3 DProduct modelA5 ESales brochureA3 FCost analysisC4 GProduct testingD5 HSales trainingB, E3 IPricingH2 JProject reportF, G, I1 1 3 2 5 4 6 7 8 A, 6 B, 2 C, 3 D, 5 H, 3 F, 4 G, 5 I, 2 J, 1 E, 3 3 6 1 2 5 4 7 8 Network Diagram for CPM A→D→G 6+5+5 = 16 Critical A→C→F 6+3+4 = 13 A→E→H→I 6+3+3+2 = 14 B*→H→I 9*+3+2 = 14 Critical Path Analysis

7. 7 Decision Making Tools A lot of decision making is involved throughout the system management and development processes A lot of decision making is involved throughout the system management and development processes Modeling Modeling Simulation Simulation Trade off Analysis Trade off Analysis Modeling Modeling Instead of creating the actual system, a model is used Instead of creating the actual system, a model is used Scaled models are small scale version of the actual system, e.g. scaled model of an airplane is tested in a wind tunnel Scaled models are small scale version of the actual system, e.g. scaled model of an airplane is tested in a wind tunnel Prototypes are full scale version of the system Prototypes are full scale version of the system Mathematical model represents system functionality using mathematical equations, e.g. Pressure 1 x Volume 1 = Pressure 2 x Volume 2 Mathematical model represents system functionality using mathematical equations, e.g. Pressure 1 x Volume 1 = Pressure 2 x Volume 2 Architectural Drawings and Walkthroughs extremely popular in construction Architectural Drawings and Walkthroughs extremely popular in construction System Block Diagram (SBD) is one of the simplest tools used in modeling a system System Block Diagram (SBD) is one of the simplest tools used in modeling a system

8. 8 Decision Making Tools Simulation Simulation It is the technique of representing the real system’s dynamic behavior with the help of a computer program It is the technique of representing the real system’s dynamic behavior with the help of a computer program Computation Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a Car

9. 9 Decision Making Tools Trade Off Analysis Trade Off Analysis An approach used to analyze and evaluate various alternatives based on a set of criteria An approach used to analyze and evaluate various alternatives based on a set of criteria The objectives of the trade off analysis are reflected by the measures of effectiveness (MOEs), e.g. there are three MOEs in the following example The objectives of the trade off analysis are reflected by the measures of effectiveness (MOEs), e.g. there are three MOEs in the following example Its results depend upon quality and sufficiency of the inputs given to it Its results depend upon quality and sufficiency of the inputs given to it