1. Chapter 2(d) Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2. 2 | 2 歐亞書局 Acids –When dissolved in water, certain molecules produce a solution containing free H + ions (protons). –The rules for naming acids depend on whether the anion contains oxygen.

3. 2 | 3 歐亞書局 –If the anion does not contain oxygen, the acid is named with the prefix hydro- and the suffix –ic. For example, when gaseous HCl is dissolved in water, it forms hydrochloric acid. Similarly, HCN and H 2 S dissolved in water are called hydrocyanic and hydrosulfuric acids, respectively.

4. 2 | 4 歐亞書局 –When the anion contains oxygen, the acid name is formed from the root name of the anion with a suffix of –ic or –ous. If the anion name ends in –ate, the acid name ends with –ic (or sometimes –ric). For example, H 2 SO 4 contains the sulfate anion (SO 4 2- ) and is called sulfuric acid; H 3 PO 4 contains the phosphate anion (PO 4 3- ) and is called phosphoric acid; and HC 2 H 3 O 2 contains the acetate ion (C 2 H 3 O 2 - ) and is called acetic acid. If the anion has an –ite If the anion has an –ite ending, the acid name ends with – ous. For example, H 2 SO 3, which contains sulfite (SO 3 2- ), is named sulfurous acid; HNO 2, which contains nitrite (NO 2 - ), is named nitrous acid. The application of these rules can be seen in the names of the acids of the oxyanions of chlorine:

5. 2 | 5 歐亞書局

6. 2 | 6 歐亞書局 –The names of the most important acids are given in Tables 2.7 and 2.8. An overall strategy for naming acids is shown in Fig. 2.23.

7. 2 | 7 歐亞書局 Table 2.7

8. 2 | 8 歐亞書局 Table 2.8

9. 2 | 9 歐亞書局 FIGURE 2.23 A flowchart for naming acids. The acid has one or more H + ions attached to an anion.

10. 2 | 10 歐亞書局 Diagram ： Balance (with chemical in a sealed glass container)

11. 2 | 11 歐亞書局 Molecular model ： compound F and S

12. 2 | 12 歐亞書局 Molecular model ： a. compound O and N b. compund I and CL

13. 2 | 13 歐亞書局 Molecular model ： compound O and P

14. 2 | 14 歐亞書局 Molecular model ： acids H, N, O, CL, C, S, P

15. 2 | 15 歐亞書局 Molecular model ： Space-filling models for ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether