1. Tennyson’s “Princess” Tennyson’s “Princess” http://classiclit.about.com/ library/bl- etexts/atennyson/bl-aten- princess.htm Alfred Tennyson, 6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892)

2. Gilbert and Sullivan’s “Princess Ida” (1884)

3. Our statues! —not of those that men desire, Sleek Odalisques, or oracles of mode, Nor stunted squaws of West or East; but she That taught the Sabine how to rule, and she The foundress of the Babylonian wall, The Carian Artemisia strong in war, The Rhodope, that built the pyramid, Clelia, Cornelia, with the Palmyrene That fought Aurelian, and the Roman brows Of Agrippina. Dwell with these, and lose Convention, since to look on noble forms Makes noble thro’ the sensuous organism That which is higher. Thereupon she took A bird's-eye-view of all the ungracious past; Glanced at the legendary Amazon As emblematic of a nobler age; Appraised the Lycian custom, spoke of those That lay at wine with Lar and Lucumo; Ran down the Persian, Grecian, Roman lines Of empire, and the woman's state in each, How far from just; Ingres.Grande Odalisque Louvre, Paris 1814

4. Bachofen Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815 – 1887)

5. Charter Myths Bronsilaw Malinowski (1884-1942) Selected Bibliography: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/An S/Anthro/Anth206/malinowski.htm belief-systems set up to authorize and validate current social customs and institutions.

6. War and Gender http://www.warandgender.com/ http://www.warandgender.com/wgamazon.htm

7. Internalist Theories: Myths as Products of the Mind Individual Mind Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Laistner (1889) All monsters of myth originated in nightmares. Roheim (1952) disguised version of the Oedipus complex Collective Mind Carl Jung (1875-1961)

8. Feminist Approaches to Myth Marija Gimbutas (1921-1994) Marija Gimbutas was an archaeologist with a scholarly background in folklore and linguistics, making her uniquely qualified to synthesize information from science and myth into a controversial theory of a Goddess-based culture in prehistoric Europe. Joseph Campbell said that, if her work had been available to him, he would have held very different views about the archetypes of the female Divine in world mythology. Primacy of Matriarchy

9. Lefkowitz Study Questions 1. Who is Princess Ida and what is her relationship to Amazons? 2. What does Lefkowitz think is the purpose of myth? 3. What does Lefkowitz mean when she says that “every feature of Amazonian society has a direct antithesis in ordinary Greek practice”? 4. Does Lefkowitz think that Aeschylus’ Eumenides can be used to claim that the discovery of paternity was a key factor in the shift from matriarch to patriarchy? Why or why not? 5. Does Lefkowitz think that the myths of Amazons and other wild destructive women can be used as examples of the psychological conflict imposed by the customary segregation of the sexes in Athenian society and men’s apprehensions about female sexuality? Why or why not?