1. ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

2. RUSSIA: CATHERINE THE GREAT (r. 1762-1796)  Admired enlightenment thought & thinkers  Based legal reform on Spirit of the Laws  Granted limited religious toleration  Allowed limited social criticism  Expanded education & encouraged scholarship

3. ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM RUSSIA: CATHERINE THE GREAT (r. 1762-1796)  Limits of liberalism  Upheld, even strengthened institution of serfdom  Restricted Jews to PALE OF SETTLEMENT  Increasingly conservative after Pugachev Rebellion  Put end to enlightened reform in Poland  Continued censorship

4. ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM ENLIGHTENMENT IN POLAND  Enlightened ideas used in attempt to strengthen decaying state  New King STANISLAS AUGUSTUS (r. 1764-1795) Introduced number of enlightened reforms But powerful neighbors partitioned state in 1772

5. ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM ENLIGHTENMENT IN POLAND  Attempt to reform & strengthen state to prevent further aggression  New Constitution of 1791 Established constitutional, hereditary monarchy Abolished Liberum Veto Created standing army Religious toleration declared

6. ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM ENLIGHTENMENT IN POLAND  Russia, Prussia would not allow reform of Polish state  Second partition, 1792  Poles revolted in 1794 to save remainder of state  But crushed by Russians  Third partition, 1795 eliminated independent state of Poland